Segmentation, Targeting and positioning strategy for MEENA BAZAAR Essay Example for Free

Segmentation, Targeting and positioning strategy for MEENA BAZAAR Essay Segmentation, Targeting and positioning of Agora : Market Targeting: Service targeted at selected customer Strategy: 1. concentrated marketing strategy to serve a single market ; Segmentation: Apporx. 20,000 target customers represents this market with geographic, demographic and psychographic correspondence 1. Geographic: Urban dealers staying at Dhaka and more specifically in Dhanmondi, Gulshan, Uttara, Malibag and Mirpur area; 2. Demographic segmentation: SEC A or Upper class with at least a monthly household income of 35000+ and Married people of age 25 and above with a family of 3 to more members 3. Psychographic segmentation: Actualizer, achiever and experiencer who are not more than 13% of SEC A+ population Habituated in modern lifestyle. Looking for convenience in every means e.g. Cooking, hence preferred frozen food as well as during shopping, Quality of service and product is non-negotiable and ready to expense more to meet the need. Willing to improve their quality of life with lifestyle choice 4. Product related segmentation: Every day user of at least one product or service provided by the company Positioning: Agora promises a valuable shopping experience that provides frozen foods to meet the convenient need of its customers. It aims to consistently provide a remarkably satisfying and valuable shopping experience through a business that provides quality product for customers and team members. With a brand core essence: Opportunity Analysis for MEENA BAZAAR: Opportunity Identification: with Buyers type: Socio Economic Psychographic type: (Ref. BBS 2010 HH penetration data) Global -1.4 mio of total HH with an average monthly income of 35000+ , mostly achievers and experiencer who are enjoying their life at fullest.; AGORA Reached only 0.14% of total  population (Ref, Aagora web page) Seeking Striving – 2.9 mio of total HH with an average monthly income of 20000.

Relationship among Organizational Citizenship Behaviours

Relationship among Organizational Citizenship Behaviours Abstract Organizational citizenship behaviour is an important factor that aggregate promotes the effective functioning of the organization (Organ, 1988). And the job satisfaction is defined to be a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job or job experiences (Locke, 1976). Researches have been done to measure the relationship between the job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviours. Some results show there are relationship between job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviours while some argue there are little relationship between this two factors. The aim of this paper is to find out the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviours and measure whether other factors such as age and service length by using the questionnaire to collect data. Introduction In recent years a number of studies have expanded the understanding of organizational citizenship behaviour within the workplace. Organizational citizenship behaviour refers to individual behaviours that are discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system, and that in the aggregate promotes the effective functioning of the organization(Organ, 1988). In the early 1980s, the term organizational citizenship behaviors was created to depict extra-role those behaviors previously described by Katz (Smith et al., 1983). Katz maintained that organizational citizenship behaviors are vital to organizational survival and effectiveness. He also provided several examples of important extra-role behaviors, among them are actions that protect the organization and its property, constructive suggestions for improving the organization, self-training for additional responsibility, creating a favorable climate for the organization in its surrounding environments, and coop erative activities (Katz, 1964). Katz and Kahn (1966) suggested that organizational citizenship behaviors were spontaneous and innovative. Moorman and Blakely (1995) pointed out that organizational citizenship behaviours were beneficial and desirable from an organizational perspective, however, the behaviours were difficult to be increased through contractual arrangements or formal rewards. Bolon (1997) emphasized that organizational citizenship behaviours were not enforceable requirements of the role or the job descriptions, which were the clearly specifiable terms of the persons employment contract with the organization. The behaviors were matters of personal choices. The omission was not generally understood as punishable. Organ (1990) pointed out that the definition did not necessarily imply that organizational citizenship behaviours were limited only to those behaviours, which were lacking in tangible return to the person who performs such behaviours. He also maintained that a continual demonstration of organizational citizenship behaviours over time may influence the impression of coworkers or supervisors who develop concerning a particular employee. The impression could play an important role in future reward considerations, such as a salary increase or a promotion. Organizational citizenship behaviours have been linked to many work-related factors, for example, it has been associated with organizational commitment (Bolon, 1997), and transformational leader behaviours (Podsakoff et al., 1990). Studies have found that organizational citizenship behaviour is associated with job satisfaction (eg. Bolon, 1997). Job satisfaction has been gaining steady attention. Job satisfaction could be defined as a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job or job experiences (Locke, 1976). The term job satisfaction was first coined by Hoppock in 1935. He defined it as the satisfactory feeling on both psychological and physical sides of the employees about the working conditions. It is the subjective responses of subordinates to work situations. Porter (1973) suggested that the extent of job satisfaction was the difference between the one who really acquires from work and the one who believed that he should acquire from work. A common view among managers is that satisfied employees were more productive than dissatisfied employees. Robbins (2001) suggested that job satisfaction was not only a general attitude toward ones job, but also the differences between the amount of reward workers received and the amount they believe they should receive. In addition, he presented that the term of job satisfaction refers to an individuals general attitude toward his or her job. A person with a high level of job satisfaction holds positive attitudes toward the job, while a person who is dissatisfied with his or her job holds negative attitudes about the job. As a psychological need and a factor to well being, job satisfaction is believed to have an environmental and genetic component (Arvey et al., 1989). There are several different variables, which are related to job satisfaction, such as cultural values, transformational leader behaviours and organizational commitment (Kirkman and Shapiro, 2001; Podsakoff et al., 1990; Feather and Rauter, 2004). There has increasing attention to the possible relationship between job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviour. Transformational leaders are those who broaden and elevate the interests of their followers, generate awareness and commitment of individuals to the purpose and mission of the group, and they enable subordinates to transcend their own self-interests for the betterment of the group (Seltzer et al., 1989). Transformational leadership is one of the groups of models describing leadership as an influencing social interaction or process. The process refers to one or a group of individuals which influence the behaviour of other people in an organizational setting for the purpose of achieving or accomplishing organizational objectives (Yukl, 2002). Transformational leadership behaviours raise the consciousness of followers about what is important, move followers to transcend the self-interest for the good of the organization, and raise their concerns for higher level needs on Maslows hierarchy (Bass, 1999). Studies have found that transformational leadership behaviours were positively assoc iated with followers job satisfaction, and transformational leaders could increase followers job satisfaction motivated their followers (Podsakoff et al., 1990; Morrison et al., 1997) There is substantial support for the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviors. Bateman and Organ (1983) found a significant relationship between general measures of job satisfaction and supervisory ratings of citizenship behavior. Schappe (1998) also suggested that cross-lagged patterns of the relationships between organizational citizenship behaviours and specific facets of job satisfaction revealed essentially the same results as overall satisfaction. Smith, Organ, and Near (1983) identified two separate dimensions of OCB: altruism and generalized compliance. Altruism refers to behaviours aimed at helping specific people directly and intentionally. Generalized compliance refers to a more impersonal type of conscientious behavior that does not provide immediate aid to a particular individual but is indirectly helpful to other people in the organization. Job satisfaction could be a major determinant of an employees organizational citizenship behavior. A satisfied employee seems more likely to talk positively about the organization, help others, and go beyond the normal expectations in their job. Moreover, satisfied employees might be more prone to go beyond the call of duty because they want to reciprocate their positive experiences. Organ suggested that the empirically supported relationship between job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviours could be described as a reflecting relationship between perceptions of fairness and organizational citizenship behaviours. On the other hand, he also suggested that the cognitive component of job satisfaction appears to be related to orgaizational citizenship behaviours probably reflects the influence of perceptions. However, some studies argued there are no association between job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviours, which were considered to be related to other variables, such as transformational leadership behaviours (Podsakoff et al., 1990) and personality (Organ and Lingl, 1995). Other studies show that there is a positive relationship between job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviours (e.g. Chiu and Chen, 2005; Foote and Tang, 2008). Researchers suggested that job satisfaction could be a mediating variable between organizational citizenship behaviour and other variables, such as job characteristics and team commitment (Chiu and Chen, 2005; Foote and Tang, 2008). Studies show that both job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviour are associated to organizational outcomes significantly (Koys, 2001). Job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviour could thus be important variables for both employees and organizations. Methodological differences Methodological differences could explain differences between studies. Most of the earlier studies were based on samples from America and Australia, and almost all participants were employees in industrial companies. There is little focus on people with a higher education level, for example academics. The relation of job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviour could be different among academics, because of the high education level and features of academic work. The purpose of the study was to investigate and get a better understanding of the relationship between organizational citizenship behaviour and job satisfaction. In order to guide the investigation, the following specific questions were formulated: 1.What is the relationship between organizational citizenship behaviour and job satisfaction? 2.Are age, gender and length of service related to job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviours? The hypotheses of this study are: H0: There is no significant correlation between organizational citizenship behaviours and job satisfacton. H1: There is a significant correlation between organizational citizenship behaviours and job satisfaction. Methods Survey questionnaires were administered to staff of Department of Human Sciences in Loughborough University. Both academic staff and support staff were invited in this study. Participants were invited to participate in this study by e-mail. The e-mail outlined the survey details, such as the research proposal and the type of questionnaires. Volunteers read the study information and filled in the informed consent, using tick boxes to agree to consent before completing the questionnaire. Data collection was based on an online questionnaire system (Surveymonkey.com). The system provided a completely anonymity system. Participants filled the online questionnaire in directly to enable anonymity and confidentially. Data were collected automatically by the survey system. Of the 61 total personnel involved in such teams, 32 participated in the study. Of the respondents, 62.5 percent were female. Further, the mean age of participants was 45 years. The mean length of service was 11.5 years. Measures Organizational citizenship behaviours. To measure organizational citizenship behaviours, a 13 items five-point Likert scale (from 1= strongly disagree to 5= strongly agree) was using (Smith et al., 1983). The 13 items questionnaire assesses citizenship behaviours and gestures through items such as I am willing to help others who are not able to work, I am willing to volunteer to give orientation and guidance to new members who join our team and I make innovative and good suggestions which help to improve the department. The instrument has two sub scales, which measure altruism and generalized compliance. Altruism refers to behaviours aimed at helping specific people directly and intentionally (e.g. giving orientation to new members, assisting others with a heavy work load). Generalized compliance refers to a more impersonal type of conscientious behavior that does not provide immediate aid to a particular individual but is indirectly helpful to other people in the organization (e.g. punctuality). In the study by Smith et al. (1983) the coefficient alpha reliability estimates were .91 for Altruism and .81 for Generalized compliance. Job satisfaction. To measure job satisfaction, a 5 items five-point Likert scale (from 1= strongly disagree to 5= strongly agree) was using (Hackman and Oldham, 1975). There are The 5 items questionnaire assesses job satisfaction through items such as Generally speaking, I am very satisfied with this job and I frequently think of quitting this job (reverse items). In the study by Hackman and Oldham (1975), the coefficient alpha reliability estimates were .74. Statistical Analysis The data were analyzed in order to provide an answer to the research questions and test the hypotheses. To test the hypotheses and assess the correlation between organizational citizenship behaviours and job satisfacton, Pearson correlation analysis was preformed. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16.0. Discussion The statistical analysis results show that there are relation between job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviours, while either age and length of service do not influence job satisfaction or organizational citizenship behaviours. However, some researchers have found that there is no relationship between organizational citizenship behaviours and job satisfaction (e.g. Podsakoff et al., 1990; Organ and Lingl, 1995), while other studies reported significant correlation between the two variables (e.g. Bateman and Organ, 1983; Schappe, 1998). A possible reason might be because the features of samples are different. As personal choices rather than duties, organizational citizenship behaviours could be influenced by culture, education level and organizational commitment. One limitation of this study is the response rate. In this study, the valid response rate is about 50 present. Moreover, the sample size is relatively small. Another possible problem is that people who have higher organizational citizenship behaviours levels are more likely to participate the study than people who have low levels organizational citizenship behaviours. In addition, one limitation of the study is that university staff need to do more individual duties rather than co-operations. For this reason, the results of the study may not be suitable for organizations which need more co-operations, for instances, customer services companies or manufacturing industry Future studies In this study, the sample size is relatively small. The larger the sample size, the more sensitive the research in exploring the relationships of the variables. Subsequent studies could cover more samples. In this study, the questionnaire of organizational citizenship behaviours were answered directly by the employees, which was not appraised by their supervisors or co-workers. For this reason, the self-reported data may be inflated. Therefore, subsequent researchers may improve the design of surveys to avoid the bias Conclusion As the data gathered from Loughborough University Human Science department suggest that there are significant relationship between job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior while there seems no correlation between the job satisfaction and the stuffs age and service length. This conclusion may only apply to those workers who engage in more personal works and a different result could be expected when using workers whose duty includes more co-operation with others.

Parkinsons Disease and Tourettes Syndrome Essay -- Biology Essays Re

Parkinson's Disease and Tourette's Syndrome Parkinson's Disease is a literally crippling neurodegenerative disorder, manifested in about 1% of the aged population. People who have Parkinson's Disease gradually lose control of their movements; specific symptoms include, "tremor, slowness of movement, stiffness, difficulty in walking, and loss of balance." (1) Evidence strongly suggests that Parkinson's Disease is the result of severe cell loss in the substantia nigra. This brain structure is principally involved in the production of dopamine. (2) Dopamine, among other functions, is the neurotransmitter involved in initiation of movement. Hence, the link between dopaminergic cell loss and cessation of voluntary movement, as manifested in Parkinson's Disease, seems established. (3) However, the applicability of this link seems to not end with Parkinson's Disease. If a severe deficit in dopamine induces cessation of movement and baseline levels of dopamine make voluntary, normal movement possible, can an excess of dopamine, or inc reased effectiveness of dopamine, lead to involuntary manifestation of movement? Potentially, a marked excess, or increase in effectiveness, of dopamine will lead to a loss of control of movement, just as a shortage of dopamine will. However, in the former case, movement should be involuntarily manifested. If such manifestations indeed were observed, it would be interesting to see if, in fact, dopamine excess, or dopamine at all, plays a role. Indeed, involuntary movements, commonly referred to as tics, are the primary symptoms of a disease called Tourette's Syndrome. The syndrome, named after the person who first described it, Gilles de la Tourette, "is a complex neurobehavioral disorder characteri... ...8,9,10) It is noteworthy, that these drugs, when used at excessive dosages, may lead to side effects such as muscular rigidity, tremor, slow movement, and other symptoms, which are very similar to the symptoms accompanying Parkinson's. Also, these side effects can be counteracted by administration of l-Dopa, a drug commonly given to overcome severe 'freezing' in Parkinson's patients. This evidence completes the picture that was anticipated when beginning to look at Parkinson's and a possible functional opposite. Normal movement does not suffice to serve as an opposite of Parkinson's; the severe tics accompanying Tourette's Syndrome, however, do. The evidence form drug studies and binding research serves to elucidate the connection. Internet Sources: http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/17/9/3168 http://www.mentalhealth.com/drug/p30-o01.html#Head_1 Parkinson's Disease and Tourette's Syndrome Essay -- Biology Essays Re Parkinson's Disease and Tourette's Syndrome Parkinson's Disease is a literally crippling neurodegenerative disorder, manifested in about 1% of the aged population. People who have Parkinson's Disease gradually lose control of their movements; specific symptoms include, "tremor, slowness of movement, stiffness, difficulty in walking, and loss of balance." (1) Evidence strongly suggests that Parkinson's Disease is the result of severe cell loss in the substantia nigra. This brain structure is principally involved in the production of dopamine. (2) Dopamine, among other functions, is the neurotransmitter involved in initiation of movement. Hence, the link between dopaminergic cell loss and cessation of voluntary movement, as manifested in Parkinson's Disease, seems established. (3) However, the applicability of this link seems to not end with Parkinson's Disease. If a severe deficit in dopamine induces cessation of movement and baseline levels of dopamine make voluntary, normal movement possible, can an excess of dopamine, or inc reased effectiveness of dopamine, lead to involuntary manifestation of movement? Potentially, a marked excess, or increase in effectiveness, of dopamine will lead to a loss of control of movement, just as a shortage of dopamine will. However, in the former case, movement should be involuntarily manifested. If such manifestations indeed were observed, it would be interesting to see if, in fact, dopamine excess, or dopamine at all, plays a role. Indeed, involuntary movements, commonly referred to as tics, are the primary symptoms of a disease called Tourette's Syndrome. The syndrome, named after the person who first described it, Gilles de la Tourette, "is a complex neurobehavioral disorder characteri... ...8,9,10) It is noteworthy, that these drugs, when used at excessive dosages, may lead to side effects such as muscular rigidity, tremor, slow movement, and other symptoms, which are very similar to the symptoms accompanying Parkinson's. Also, these side effects can be counteracted by administration of l-Dopa, a drug commonly given to overcome severe 'freezing' in Parkinson's patients. This evidence completes the picture that was anticipated when beginning to look at Parkinson's and a possible functional opposite. Normal movement does not suffice to serve as an opposite of Parkinson's; the severe tics accompanying Tourette's Syndrome, however, do. The evidence form drug studies and binding research serves to elucidate the connection. Internet Sources: http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/17/9/3168 http://www.mentalhealth.com/drug/p30-o01.html#Head_1

The Software Piracy Problem in China :: Technology

The Software Piracy Problem in China 1. The truth: Software piracy at issue in China. Surprisingly, software counterfeiting has such a profitable global market that â€Å"organized criminal groups using the proceeds from software counterfeiting to pay for terrorist operations overseas†, according to Brad Smith, Microsoft general counsel international. [1] Even though most people nowadays are aware of pirated software either from various news medium, or by seeing illegal software copies distributed among friends or students in their personal PCs, it would still be a shocking fact that, in the year 2000, software companies estimated that they lost $12 billion in revenue because of counterfeiting. That's 15% of the industry's $80 billion in worldwide sales.[2] Although software piracy is undoubtedly a global issue, people have been paying special attention to this issue in China. The truth is that, even though the piracy rate is increasing worldwide and the rate rose in 2000 to 37% from 36% in 1999, which means 37% of the software sold is estimated to be fake, the software piracy rates in China are up to 92% in 2002 according to Business Software Alliance (BSA). [3] Compare to China, in U.S. the average piracy rate by states is only 25.1%. Software piracy has different types. BSA identifies five common types as follows.[4] First, end user piracy. It occurs when a company employee reproduces copies of software without authorization, including using one licensed copy to install a program on multiple computers, or copying disks for installation and distribution, etc. Second, client-server overuse. It occurs when too many employees on a network are using a central copy of a program at the same time. Third, Internet piracy. This occurs when software is downloaded from the Internet where the same purchasing rules should apply to online software purchase as for those bought in traditional ways. Fourth, Hard Disk loading. It occurs when a business that sells new computers loads illegal copies of software onto the hard disks to make the purchase of the machines more attractive. Finally, Software Counterfeiting. This type of piracy is the illegal duplication and sale of copyrighted material with the intent of directly imitating the copyrighted product. In China, most of the software piracy is conducted as the type of Software Counterfeiting. Street gangs selling pirated software can be easily seen in grey market anywhere in China. 2. Who is able to protect your software right? The government?

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Nick Carroway proceeds through two stages of development as the novel unfolds. Beginning with tolerance of the other characters' actions; ending with full moral responsibility dealing with their conflicts, Nick Carroway found that immoral decisions lead to harmful situations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning, Nick Carroway was very tolerant of the numerous affairs happening within his circle of friends and acquaintances. Shortly after Nick was first introduced to Daisy's husband Tom, he learned of an affair happening between he and another woman from New York. Nick seemed surprised to hear this, yet he kept quiet about it. Nick was also introduced later to the woman Tom had been having an affair with, Myrtle Wilson, the gas station attendant's wife. Nick did not speak to Tom of his infidelity he instead remained tolerant of it. And later when Tom and Nick met her in town, he still kept his thoughts to himself, rather than becoming involved in the conflict. Also, with Daisy and Gatsby's relationship Nick remained tolerant of the scandal. For example, when he set up the reunion of Daisy and Gatsby within his own home. He was aware of the sin, but he did not actually come forward with his opinion on the matter. Daisy would often go to Gatsby's house in t he afternoons, and still Nick would remain tolerant of the immoral acts performed by his cousin.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Towards the end of the novel as things became more involved Nick realized the error of his ways, and became a more moral character. He did not involve himself in either of the affairs any longer. In one enlightening evening, when Gatsby proclaimed Daisy's love for him, and Tom admitted to his own disloyalty, Nick made a decision to be moralistic. When Tom, Nick, and Jordan had arrived back at Tom and Daisy's home, Nick parted ways. When he drove away from the house, he spotted Gatsby. Who had decided to watch over things, and make sure Daisy would be alright that evening. Instead of trying to help Gatsby in any way, Nick drove home, and stayed out of his business. Making the decision that pursuing any further with the conflict was a bad idea.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through all the friction Nick Carroway learned that playing a part in others' personal matters led to even more conflict than the beginning matter. Throughout all the deceit and unfaithfulness, friendships were broken and lives were taken. F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers In the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Nick Carroway proceeds through two stages of development as the novel unfolds. Beginning with tolerance of the other characters' actions; ending with full moral responsibility dealing with their conflicts, Nick Carroway found that immoral decisions lead to harmful situations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning, Nick Carroway was very tolerant of the numerous affairs happening within his circle of friends and acquaintances. Shortly after Nick was first introduced to Daisy's husband Tom, he learned of an affair happening between he and another woman from New York. Nick seemed surprised to hear this, yet he kept quiet about it. Nick was also introduced later to the woman Tom had been having an affair with, Myrtle Wilson, the gas station attendant's wife. Nick did not speak to Tom of his infidelity he instead remained tolerant of it. And later when Tom and Nick met her in town, he still kept his thoughts to himself, rather than becoming involved in the conflict. Also, with Daisy and Gatsby's relationship Nick remained tolerant of the scandal. For example, when he set up the reunion of Daisy and Gatsby within his own home. He was aware of the sin, but he did not actually come forward with his opinion on the matter. Daisy would often go to Gatsby's house in t he afternoons, and still Nick would remain tolerant of the immoral acts performed by his cousin.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Towards the end of the novel as things became more involved Nick realized the error of his ways, and became a more moral character. He did not involve himself in either of the affairs any longer. In one enlightening evening, when Gatsby proclaimed Daisy's love for him, and Tom admitted to his own disloyalty, Nick made a decision to be moralistic. When Tom, Nick, and Jordan had arrived back at Tom and Daisy's home, Nick parted ways. When he drove away from the house, he spotted Gatsby. Who had decided to watch over things, and make sure Daisy would be alright that evening. Instead of trying to help Gatsby in any way, Nick drove home, and stayed out of his business. Making the decision that pursuing any further with the conflict was a bad idea.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through all the friction Nick Carroway learned that playing a part in others' personal matters led to even more conflict than the beginning matter. Throughout all the deceit and unfaithfulness, friendships were broken and lives were taken.

Emotionless Irrationality Essay

As attested by Dr. Deborah Schurman-Kauflin, the women who murder their children are always ‘narcissistic’ and dramatic (Schurman-Kauflin, 2009). Casey Anthony had an ‘out of sight, out of mind’ outlook following the disappearance of her child Caylee; Casey had always made it clear that she considered taking care of her child a burdensome task. This narcissism and aloofness has caused a wide majority of people in the court of public opinion who are decidedly in favor of a guilty verdict for Anthony. The ‘out-of-sight, out-of-mind’ mentality was clear in the on-going socializing events and parties which continued to occur after her child was gone. Additionally, Casey has shown no outward signs of depression or remorse since her child disappeared. Her promiscuity and partying habits were not deterred by the disappearance of Caylee. In fact, Schurman-Kauflin   suggests the disappearance created a sense of liberation in Casey Anthony, due to the fact that having children is likened to ‘being grounded’ to a narcissistic personality (Schurman-Kauflin, 2009). Her silence in the face of interrogation is parallel to what Dr. Schurman-Kauflin said she saw when she interviewed female serial killers. Female killers tend to believe that if they remain silent, people will believe nothing wrong happened (Ibid). Casey Anthony will likely receive a verdict of guilty, following the overwhelming belief harbored by a majority of news followers who believe she is guilty. The general public has ried out for vengeance for so long, concerning Caylee, that there is little likelihood Casey will be given a ‘not guilty’ verdict. References: â€Å"Mom or Murderer?†. (2010). Investigation Discovery. Retrieved on July 29, 2010 from Investigation.Discovery.com:   http://investigation.discovery.com/blogs/criminal-report/casey_anthony_full_coverage/caylee_anthony.html Schurman-Kauflin, Deborah. â€Å"Casey Anthony†¦ A Criminal Mind?†. (2009). Retrieved on July 29, 2010 from MomLogic.com: http://www.momlogic.com/2008/11/casey_anthonya_criminal_mind.php Sheaffer, Bill. â€Å"No Cake for Casey†. (2010). Retrieved on July 29 2010 from Billsheafer.WordPress.com:

A Comparison Of Water Quality In Ponds Environmental Sciences Essay

Background information: – pollution is the chief job faced by today ‘s universe. The scientific definition of pollution is that it is the debut of contaminations into an environment that causes instability, upset, injury or uncomfortableness to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or populating beings. Pollution can take the signifier of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or visible radiation. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or of course happening ; of course happening, are considered to be contaminations when they exceed natural degrees. The chief type of pollution faced by human existences in today ‘s universe viz. are air pollution, dirt pollution and H2O pollution. These pollution signifiers are chiefly caused due to human actions. Some causes are as follows point pollution is caused due to dumping of human resources into the H2O organic structure nevertheless it is a sensible pollution because it ca n be easy found out on where the pollution is caused, diffuse pollution nevertheless is n't a sensible pollution because it is unknown where the pollution starts from and in conclusion H2O pollution is caused by the release of some waste merchandises of life things and contaminations into the surface of overflow of the river drainage systems, leaching into groundwater, liquid spills, waste H2O discharges i.e. drainage H2O, eutrophication and littering. Eutrophication is production of microorganisms and these micro-organisms consumes a batch of foods and O. Micro-organisms normally grow because they feed through chemicals like nitrate specifically therefore in other words they consume fertilisers. Water pollution affects the workss and beings populating in the H2O and in about all of the instances this harm affects in either ways non merely human population but besides the whole biological communities. H2O organic structures can be analyzed if it is polluted or non. Most of the sampl es nevertheless include proving of temperature, O steps, pH, and biodiversity of being in the H2O and conduction of H2O. Pond itself is divided into 3 chief substrate ‘s upper i.e. the surface of the pool in-between substrate and the lower substrate i.e. the land of the pool. In the experiment which is to be conducted will be a comparing between two pools viz. Arodes pool and Kritou terra pool for a existent apprehension of pool pollution in existent life. Purpose: – to look into and analyze the H2O quality by comparing two pools. Hypothesis: – Polluted pool will hold higher per centum of algal screen because of the presence of nitrate and toxic substances inside the pool which will take to higher per centum blooming of algae in contaminated H2O. Transparency of the contaminated pool will be less compared to uncontaminated pool because the presence of algae every bit good as the waste merchandises of homo in the pool which will take to a lessening in transparence of pool. Conductivity will be higher in contaminated pool because the dumping of harvest fertilisers i.e. presence of nitrates in the pool is higher. Oxygen handiness on the top degree is less in contaminated H2O compared to bottom of pool because of the presence of algae on top of H2O. The algae which is present on top of H2O consumes a batch of O during photosynthesis. Oxygen handiness at the underside is higher in uncontaminated H2O compared to exceed degree of pool because beings at the underside are less compared to exceed degree. Oxygen handiness of uncontaminated is more compared to contaminated H2O due to the presence of more algae in H2O. Temperature at the top of the uncontaminated pool and contaminated pool is lower than that of the underside this is because sunlight hits on top of the H2O moreover due to the presence of beings that feed on each other or dices are at the underside of the pool added this algae which is present at the surface of both pools absorbs a batch of heat energy and the sunshine which has entree at the underside is trapped at the underside doing the surface of the H2O ice chest when compared to bottom. Temperature recorded in contaminated pool when both underside and surface substrate ‘s are added should be higher than uncontaminated H2O because this chiefly depends on the per centum of algae i.e. how much algae is present that hot it is. The pH of contaminated H2O should be higher or in other words basic or more alkalic because of the physique of decomposed waste of animate beings and worlds compared to uncontaminated H2O. There will be less biodiversity of being in contaminated H2O because being can non last in contaminated H2O i.e. organisms find it difficult to accommodate or populate in the pool. Nitrate degree of contaminated H2O is higher because algal screen demands nitrate to feed. Variables: Dependent variables: -diversity of species -percentage screen of algae -conductivity of pool ( i? ­S ) -dimension of the pool Independent variables: -temperature ( oC ) -sunlight -presence of algae -season -nitrate degree -oxygen degree both at top and underside ( mg/l ) Controlled variables: -area sampled ( site ) -method of trying -sweep cyberspace Material required: -sweep net -20ml phial -conductivity metre ( i? ­S ) -zinc pulverization -ammonium chloride -10ml phial -nitrate tablet -photometer -bowl -identifying sheet -pH metre -oxygen metre -data aggregation sheet -one forcep -one amplifying glass -two spoons -two pipettes Procedure: – When the first pool is reached before the experiment is carried out first baseball mitts are worn. Then with the stuffs provided the bowl is filled with pool H2O. Later, with the aid of the sweep cyberspace provided samples are collected and emptied into the bowl filled with pool H2O. However, When roll uping the samples with sweep net the cyberspace should make the four ( 4 ) substrate of the pool i.e. the following – surface of the pool, in-between substrate of the pool, underside of the pool and in conclusion the walls of the pool. By taking this method of sample aggregation the person could obtain all beings that live in all four substrate of the pool. Organisms which are emptied into the bowl are identified with the aid of placing sheet. These identified beings are recorded into the entering sheet provided. This process is being repeated five ( 5 ) more times and recorded in the recording sheet. This process is followed by mensurating the conduction of the pool with the aid of conduction metre. The detector of the conduction metre is placed inside the pool and the readings of the proctor is recorded into the sheet. After conduction of the pool is recorded oxygen handiness on top of the pool every bit good as underside is recorded with the aid O metre. The detector of the O metre us paced individually at the underside so at the top the reading shown in the proctor is recorded in the sheet. This is followed by the measuring temperature of the H2O on top every bit good as underside through temperature metre and the reading shown in the proctor is recorded in the recording sheet. Besides, per centum of algal screen in the pool is besides estimated and recorded. Before go forthing the first country sample of the H2O in the pool is filled into 20 ml phial. When the 2nd pool is reached the same process which were followed in the first pool are repeated and recorded into the sheet provided. As in the first pool sample of H2O in the pool was filled into another 20 milliliter phial. These two samples of 20 milliliters vial are subsequently taken to lab and tested for per centum of nitrate presence in both pools individually. Into the 20ml vial Zn pulverization and ammonium chloride is added and shaked for one ( 1 ) minute carefully. Then the reagent present indoors 20ml vial is left undisturbed for the mixture to be settle down. Later nitricol tablet is crushed and added into 10 ml phial followed by the solution present indoors 20 ml phial is added into 10 ml phial. It is left to fade out. Then the per centum of the reading is taken by utilizing photometer. The reading of the photometer is recorded in the sheet. Datas processing: – Harmonizing to the informations collected from two pool viz. Arodes pool and kritou terra pool the consequence can be deduced that pool Arodes is more contaminated whereas pool kritou terra is uncontaminated, the chief ground for the decision will be explained by mentioning to the observation seen in both sites. When comparing the difference between the Numberss of being in two different pool, where entire figure of persons in Arodes pool is 55 and entire figure of persons in kritou terra pool is 103. This shows that kritou terra provides suited conditions for being to prolong their life in the pool. However, some of the organisms nowadays in both Arodes pool and kritou terra pool might impact adversely every bit good as affirmatively the wellness of other beings populating in pool every bit good as the H2O status. Hence wise, some beings serve as an index of uncontaminated H2O whereas some service as contaminated Waterss index. Table # 3 beings classified as indexs of contaminated and uncontaminated Contaminated H2O ( Arodes pool ) indexs Uncontaminated H2O ( kritou terra pool ) indexs Flatworm Darter darning needle nymph Frog Hawker dragonfly nymph Meniscus midge pupa Ostracoda Speciess Non-biting midge larva ( & A ; pupa ) Swiming dayfly nymph Water beetles and larvae True worms Water touch–Water snails–Entire figure of Darter darning needle nymph in kritou terra pool is 36 whereas entire figure of Darter darning needle nymph in Arodes pool is 1. Darter darning needle nymph is an index of uncontaminated H2O. They thrive in contaminated H2O that supports plentifulness of submerged and emergent flora. These provide egg laying and outgrowth sites every bit good as shelter. Many species besides require some unfastened H2O. They tend to prefer state of affairss that are unfastened to sunlight with some shelter from strong air currents. Harmonizing to the analyses of table # 3 it is observed that darning needles largely act as an index of uncontaminated H2O. Flatworm, semilunar cartilage midge pupa and non-biting midge larva are parasitic in nature which is why they largely tend to populate in contaminated country. Since they need to drive foods from dead affairs host and this largely can be done in contaminated H2O. Furthermore, meniscus midge pupa needs algae for shelter and per centum screen of algae must be higher in contaminated H2O. Frogs nevertheless are present more in contaminated H2O because toads eat touchs, worms and snails therefore harmonizing to the informations collected the figure of touchs, snails and worms are found more in pool Arodes instead than pool in Kritou terra. Mayflies, beetles, touchs and snails require clean, uncontaminated H2O that is by and large good oxygenated. Infact, they are one of the first aquatic being that disappear when H2O pollution occurs. Table # 4 per centum wise organisms nowadays in Arodes pool individuallySpeciessPercentage wise being nowadays in Arodes poolDarter darning needle nymph 1.82 % Flatworm 5.46 % Frog 9.09 % Mosquito fish 20 % Meniscus midge pupa 1.82 % Non-biting midge larva ( & A ; pupa ) 40 % True worms 1.82 % Water beetles and larvae 9.09 % Water touch 5.46 % Water snail 5.46 % Table # 5 per centum wise organisms nowadays in kritou terra pool individuallySpeciessPercentage wise being nowadays in kritou terra poolDarter darning needle nymph 35 % Hawker dragonfly nymph 2 % Leechs 4.86 % Mosquito fish 3.88 % Non-biting midge larva ( & A ; pupa ) 3 % Ostracoda 1 % Swiming dayfly nymph 12.62 % True worms 36 % Water snail 2 % Table # 6 per centum wise species present both in Arodes and kritou terra pool harmonizing to group 5 recordingsSpeciessPercentage wise organisms nowadays in Arodes poolPercentage wise organisms nowadays in kritou terra poolNon-biting midge larva 95.46 % 16.67 % Swiming dayfly nymph 0 % 58.34 % True worms 0 % 16.67 % Water snail 0 % 8.33 % Meniscus midge pupa 4.55 % 0 % Temperature on top of the contaminated pool ( Arodes pool ) was observed to be 17.97i‚ °C whereas as in the same pool temperature at the underside was observed to be 18.10i‚ °C the grounds depend on many factors. The surface of Arodes pool is covered with algae. Normally algae grows on 2 juncture. First, due to the presence of nitrate used in agricultural field and in conclusion presence of important sum of sunshine. When sunlight hits on Arodes pool it passes through all 3 substrates of the pool. Algae which is present on the surface of the pool absorbs immense sum of sunshine to turn and pin down the heat energy which is going from top of pool to bottom. Added to the heat which is trapped at the underside, beings which are populating in the pool besides increase the heat energy. Speciess in contaminated H2O are normally micro beings and they live at the underside of the pool moreover organisms that dice in the pool get settled at the underside of the pool therefore this being which feed on dead affairs can merely obtaining 10 % of the energy the remainder 90 % is wasted either in heat signifier, feaces and parts which are non soluble by other beings. Hence from this 90 % of energy which is given out as heat energy adds up to heat energy and since all this heat accurate at the underside of the pool the temperature of pool at the underside is higher than that of the underside of the contaminated pool. However, when temperature both on top every bit good as underside of Arodes pool ( contaminated pool ) and kritou terra pool ( uncontaminated pool ) are added up and compared i.e. pool Arodes has 36.07i‚ °C as temperature and pool kritou terra has 34.21i‚ °C as temperature. It is observed that there is a important fluctuation this is chiefly because pool in kritou terra is covered with trees hence it is fly-by-night which does n't let a batch of sunshine to make the pool doing it colder compared to Arodes pool. Furthermore, Arodes p ool did n't hold any shadiness or trees environing the pool hence it was heater. Oxygen handiness chiefly depends on few factors. In Arodes pool O handiness at the bottom 8.15mg/l was observed to be less compared to exceed 8.27mg/l this is because at the surface of the pool algae is present which continuously perform photosynthesis during daytime on the other manus at the underside of the pool there are legion type of species which continuously inhale O and give out C dioxide to keep their life. This status leads to a lessening in handiness of O at the underside when compared to exceed. Oxygen handiness on top of the kritou terra pool 8.28mg/l was observed to be less compared to bottom 8.55mg/l this is because beings at the underside of kritou terra pool is less i.e. beings in this pool were normally seen inside algae or in other word at the surface of the pool which lead the O handiness at the top of the pool to diminish nevertheless added to this since kritou terra pool is covered with shadiness it could n't acquire adequate sunlight hence algae could n't execute photosynthesis. Furthermore when the information ‘s of two pools are added up and compared i.e. Arodes pool had 16.42mg/l O degree and kritou terra pool had 16.83mg/l as O degree hence Arodes pool has less oxygen handiness compared to kritou terra pool because the per centum screen of algae in contaminated H2O is 49 % which is about twice more than that of kritou terra pool of merely 28 % of algae screen on H2O. However added to this kritou terra is covered with trees which enables full entree of su nshine to the pool impacting algae which is executing photosynthesis besides the informations taken in both countries were far by each other hence way of light beams are non dependable. Furthermore, many factors of seasonal alterations in temperature and light strength influences oxygen handiness through the photosynthesis activity. In Arodes pool pH value of H2O was observed to be 7.65 whereas kritou terra had pH value of 7.64. Harmonizing to the information there is n't much difference in value nevertheless pH value of Arodes pool is somewhat more basic/ alkaline. The pH value of impersonal H2O has to be 7 this happens because the chemical expression of H2O which is H2O it is the combination of OH- and H+ ions. Hence the presence of anion and cation neutralizes the pH value. Therefore, if the pH value is alkalic OH- is more than H+ . However the chief ground for the consequence of Arodes pool to be more alkaline is because of the presence of sedimentations of homo, works and carnal waste. Conduction of Arodes pool 1417 i? ­S is observed to be higher so kritou terra pool 520i? ­S this is because of presence of nitrate ions in Arodes pool ( contaminated pool ) is higher. Furthermore, added to this the country where the pool was situated in both countries affected the consequence massively for case the H2O channel of Arodes pool base on ballss downward all the manner through houses, carnal sheds and harvest Fieldss of small town whereas kritou terra pools H2O channel does non go through through harvest Fieldss besides the geographic nature and channel manner is non similar to Arodes pool i.e. Arodes small towns H2O channel is traveling from high degree ( houses and harvest field ) to bottom degree of land. The H2O channel passes through harvest Fieldss and in harvest Fieldss fertilisers and minerals are used to back up workss growing added to this H2O channel animate beings and worlds waste are besides passed to little channels in Arodes pool hence this manner the co nduction of Arodes has higher conduction value compared to kritou terra. Turbidity of Arodes pool was observed to be murkier compared to kritou terra. The H2O of the Arodes pool ( contaminated pool ) was murkier because it is polluted. All waste stuffs and more per centum of algae get accumulated in this pool nevertheless Kritou terra even though being unpolluted when compared to Arodes it was somewhat cloudy since it is surrounded with verdure the radioactive dust foliage from trees added to this algae per centum and besides it is close to land degree makes dust to come in into the pool doing the pool somewhat murky. Algae per centum of Arodes pool was observed to be 49 % whereas algae per centum of kritou terra pool was observed to be 20 % . The chief ground for the algae to be present more in Arodes pool chiefly depends on nitrate degree, conduction and temperature since all three of the factors are higher in Arodes pool. This leads to an addition in algae per centum in the country. Chiefly algae grows more with supply of foods for specific algae ‘s. The nitrate degree of Arodes pool 48 mg/l was observed to be more compared to kritou terra pool 0.26 mg/l. The chief ground for this is because Arodes pool H2O channel passes through many farm Fieldss. In farm Fieldss manure/fertilizers are used for back uping workss growing. Fertilizers has chemical elements like N ( N ) , phosphate ( P ) and K ( K ) hence these chemicals get assorted with H2O channels. Since, Arodes H2O channel is holding slanting land type and go throughing through harvest Fieldss nitrate flat gets assorted with H2O channel in Arodes is more. On the other manus, kritou terra H2O channel does n't go through through many harvest Fieldss nevertheless it has small bite of nitrate present because of waste stuffs and trees present. Simpson ‘s diverseness D = a?‘ N ( n-1 ) N ( N-1 ) Where N is the entire figure of being of a peculiar species N is the entire figure of beings of all species Table # 7 Simpson ‘s diverseness of Arodes poolSpeciess found in Arodes poolEntire no. of being of peculiar species ( N ) in Arodes poolN ( n-1 )Darter darning needle nymph 1 0 Flatworm 3 6 Frog 5 20 Mosquito fish 11 110 Meniscus midge pupa 1 0 Non-biting midge larva ( & A ; pupa ) 22 462 True worms 1 0 Water beetles 5 20 Water touch 3 6 Water snail 3 6Entire55630D = a?‘ N ( n-1 ) N ( N-1 ) = 630. = . 630. a†°? 0.212 55 ( 55-1 ) 2970 Simpson ‘s mutual index = 1 / D a†°? 0.788 Therefore this shows that it has extremely diverse or heterogenous ecosystem. Table # 8 Simpson ‘s diverseness of kritou terra poolSpeciess found in kritou terra poolEntire no. of being of peculiar species ( N ) in kritou terra poolN ( n-1 )Darter darning needle nymph 36 1260 Hawker dragonfly nymph 2 2 Leechs 5 20 Mosquito fish 4 12 Non-biting midge larva ( & A ; pupa ) 3 6 Ostracoda 1 0 Swiming dayfly nymph 13 156 True worms 37 1332 Water snail 2 2Entire1032790D = a?‘ N ( n-1 ) N ( N-1 ) = . 2790. = . 2790. a†°? 0.266 103 ( 103-1 ) 10506 Simpson ‘s mutual index = 1 -D a†°? 0.734 Therefore this shows that it has extremely diverse or heterogenous ecosystem nevertheless has more species compared to Arodes pool Table # 9 Simpson ‘s diverseness of group 5 Arodes pool Speciess found in Arodes pool Entire no. of being of peculiar species ( N ) in Arodes pool N ( n-1 ) Non-biting midge larva 21 420 Meniscus midge pupa 1 0Entire22420D = a?‘ N ( n-1 ) N ( N-1 ) = . 420. = . 420. a†°? 1 22 ( 22-1 ) 462 Simpson ‘s mutual index = 1- D a†°? 0 This value implies that samples diverseness is less i.e. 2 species are merely found. Table # 10 Simpson ‘s diverseness of group 5 in kritou terra pool Speciess found in kritou terra pool Entire no. of being of peculiar species ( N ) in kritou terra pool N ( n-1 ) Non-biting midge larva 2 2 Swiming dayfly nymph 7 42 True worms 2 2 Water snail 1 0Entire1246D = a?‘ N ( n-1 ) N ( N-1 ) = . 46. = . 46. a†°? 0.349 12 ( 12-1 ) 132 Simpson ‘s mutual index = 1 – D a†°? 0.652 This value implies that more beings are present and this diverseness is heterogenous. Decision: – Harmonizing to the informations collected Arodes pool was observed to be the contaminated pool and kritou terra pool was observed to be uncontaminated pool. However, harmonizing to the hypothesis polluted pool should hold more per centum screen of algae over the surface of pool because algae normally feeds on nitrate, waste stuffs of beings and toxic substances. Nitrate degree of contaminated H2O should be more because of the presence of urea and chemicals used in agricultural field. Furthermore, transparence of the contaminated H2O should be cloudy because of the presence of algae screen and all waste stuffs get accumulated in the pool this leads to a lessening in transparence and H2O to be cloudy. Likewise, due to the accretion of nitrate and other types of minerals which are present inside the feaces of organisms lead the H2O to be alimentary rich i.e. polluted pool will hold high value of conduction. Furthermore, oxygen level on the surface of contaminated H2O is less compared to bottom this is because of the presence of algae i.e. since algae uses a batch of O during photosynthesis. However, in uncontaminated H2O O degree nowadays at the underside of pool is higher compared to the surface because beings in uncontaminated pool at the underside were less compared to the organisms nowadays at the surface but added to this when the information was analyzed since the pool was covered with verdure algae nowadays on top of the uncontaminated pool can non execute photosynthesis as compared to polluted. Furthermore, when both O degrees were compared with each other uncontaminated pool was holding less oxygen handiness when compared to polluted country because of the presence of algae. Temperature nowadays at the surface of uncontaminated pool and contaminated pool is lower than the temperature at the underside of the pool because when the sunshine hit ‘s the surface of H2O and due to the presence of beings which feed on each other or dices are at the bottom h ence this effects the temperature besides added to this algae which is at the surface grows with sunshine and covers the pool this leads the heat to acquire trapped at the underside and it ca n't get away outside the pool since it is bottom. Temperature recorded both at the underside and the surface are added contaminated H2O should be higher than uncontaminated H2O because of the presence of more algae since more algae absorb high sum of sunshine doing the pool hotter compared to uncontaminated. Furthermore, pH of the contaminated H2O should be more alkalic compared to uncontaminated because nitrate degree is higher in contaminated pool added to this all decomposed wastes of animate beings and worlds are dumped degree should be higher in contaminated H2O. Furthermore, biodiversity of beings in contaminated H2O is less compared to uncontaminated H2O because nitrate degree is less in uncontaminated H2O since nitrate degree is harmful to organism there is less organisms in contaminate d H2O added to this non much nutrient is available in contaminated H2O hence they ca n't accommodate to this difficult conditions. Evaluation: – One of the chief beginning of mistake in H2O quality is that during the experiment was conducted the figure or in other words per centums of algae covering the pool by inherent aptitudes of an person which is highly inaccurate because experiment was done by appraisal of algae. Another mistake was that group might miss-identify a coinage and that would besides do the consequence more inaccurate. Some of the organisms inhabit inside algae therefore it is difficult for beings to happen, moreover this being which live inside algae are microscopic. However some other beings which are large for case toad could non be hold in a cup and be counted which might take to miss-count i.e. twice it could be counted. Furthermore, nitrate tablet trial was non done by first manus by the pupil alternatively it was performed by instructors. Furthermore, there was accurately 2 hours difference between the two parts therefore the sunlight beams change way interim. Some of the betterments which could be ma de is by following a different method for bettering and doing a more accurate consequence for case spliting the appraisal and appraisal could be done in a grid signifier hence this manner it could be more accurate. Furthermore the expanse cyberspaces which are to be provided has to be checked before utilizing or else beings can get away. Besides, the two countries has to be closer at least 1 hr off. The nitrate trial could be performed in forepart of the pupils. However with the significance of the field trip and its benefit posed on all pupils were utilizable. Furthermore, larning things in a field by really sing, experiencing touching it with first manus was really good cognition to cognize about H2O quality home ground, ecology and biological science. Graph: Comparison of abiotic factors in two pools by country ( kritou terra pool and Arodes pool ) Comparison of figure of species in both pool ( kritou terra pool and Arodes pool )