Comparing Mid Term Break and Om my first Sonne Essay

1) What do we learn about children who have died? â€Å"For the first time in six weeks. paler now,† Those they leave behind them mourn them. The poets parents found it more difficult then Seamus because he didn’t know his brother that much, he had a distanced relationship. â€Å"Snow drops and candles† shows the compassion of the event, he does this by good use of symbolism. He used the snow drops to show that he died in peace as they are white and innocent like his brother. â€Å"A four foot box, a foot for every year† Only now does Seamus realize that he will only have the memory of his brother. â€Å"Wearing a poppy bruise on his left temple.† Poppies are commonly used to portray the violent, tragic death of a young person, in this case his younger brother. We also know that he got hit by a car so hard that it killed him â€Å"the bumper knocked him clear.† We know that he died on his 7th birthday, â€Å"seven years tho’ were lent to me.† No matter how protective parents are over their children there are greater forces that can determine the faith of the children that are out of the parents hands. â€Å"scap’d worlds, and fleshes rage† Jonson is telling the reader that his son has now left the real world and doesn’t have to deal with any awful things that you might come across in your lifetime. 2) What do we learn about feelings of the writers? Seamus doesn’t express any of his own feeling, Only feelings of others; Big Jim Evans to feel that the car incident to be a â€Å"hard blow†. On a literal level, it shows of the impact of car hitting the little brother whereas metaphorically, the incident could also show the emotional blow. He says â€Å"For the first time in six weeks. Paler now,† This indicates that Seamus didn’t have such a close relationship with his brother. It also suggests that the poet only had the fleeting memory of his brother as a baby and hardly ever sees him, therefore contributing largely to the fact that the poet was not grieving over his death because of their distanced relationship or because he hast come to terms with his brothers death. Mid-Term Break the family cannot accept the death. They feel that it is unjust, as the child was so young and innocent. This poem starts talking about the death using â€Å"farewell†. This hints that he is saying good-bye to his son and this is his way of letting him go. Ben Jonson uses faith to help him through the bereavement. Biblical phrases like â€Å"child of my right hand†, â€Å"my sinne was† are scattered through the text. The poet’s feelings were uncertain with doubts and sorrow. â€Å"O, could I loose all father now.† By using conditionals suggests that he is questioning his faith as he doesn’t understand why God would take away his loves one. â€Å"My sin too much hope for thee, loved boy.† Jonson doesn’t want to have any more children as the pain of losing them is overwhelming. 3) How have the writers expressed their feelings? Seamus Heaney uses indirect ways to portray grief, by describing events that happen after the death. Heaney doesn’t talk or write about how he feels, he writes about what he sees and remembers. He is keeping his emotions silent. His writing is detached because he expresses no emotion himself, and if he does it is understated and under layers of what he says. He is confused about his brothers death and reports the poem like an outsider. Alternatively, he may write like an outsider because its so tragic and he cant express his own feelings because he wont be able to come to terms with it. Ben Jonson writes On My First Sonne from a father’s point of view grieving over the death of his very young son. He uses the Iambic Pentameter which reflects the sound of a heart beat. He does this because it’s the first and last thing a human hears, this links to the birth and death of his short lived son. He also used a rhetorical question â€Å"he should envie?† He states that he is jealous of his son, because now he is closer to god in heaven. He indicates that he is a religious man. His sons death has made him question his faith which used to be so strong. The son, sitting on the right hand of his father, would remind a Christian reader of the Creed, in which the Son ‘sitteth at the right hand of God the Father Almighty; From thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead.’

Management, Motivation, and Leadership Essay

Review Questions 1. Review the definition of management at the beginning of the chapter and briefly define each of the 4 functions. What are the challenges in carrying out these functions in today’s hyper-competitive marketplace? Planning- Determining organizational goals and action plans for how to achieve those goals. Organizing- determining a structure for both individual jobs and the overall organization. Leading-directing and motivating people to achieve organizational goals. Controlling-monitoring performance and making adjustments as needed. The challenge in planning is that planning is essentially forecasting future actions and events. Most actions or events are dependent upon contingencies that must occur in order for the plan to be successful. The highly competitive nature of today’s marketplace requires planning that can accommodate changes so management plans continue to stay on target. 2. How has the role of the manager changed in the last couple of decades? What forces have driven the changes? The old concept of a manager was one that drives employee’s to work. The assumption with this model is that people that come to work do not necessarily want to work and that micro-management techniques and a heavy hand over employees is the only thing that will motivate them to complete work according to company requirements. Now however, the new theory of management is one where the employee is expected to be more of a self-managing professional. The manager’s role is more inspirational, leading by example and instructing employees rather than â€Å"lording over† them. This change has occurred primarily in response to evidence that has found that employees who are satisfied with their workplace and enjoy their job are more highly motivated, higher producing and more focused on the  interests of the company. 3. Define technical skills, human skills, and conceptual skills. How do these three skills connect with the different levels of management? How do critical thinking and decision- making skills come into play? Technical- Expertise in a specific functional area or department Human- the ability to work effectively with and through other people in a range or different relationships. Conceptual- the ability to grasp a big picture view of the overall organization, the relationships among its various parts, and its fit in the broader competitive environment. Front-line managers must have a high degree of technical skills, which help them hire, train, and evaluate employees; avoid mistakes; and ensure high quality production. Middle-level managers need an especially high level of human skills. They typically act as the bridge between departments, coordinating people and projects that sometimes have mismatched priorities. Top-level managers must demonstrate excellent conceptual skills in order to formulate a vision, interpret marketplace trends, and plan for the future. 4. Which theory of motivation do you find most compelling? What factors should you consider when choosing a motivational approach? Explain your answers. Personally, expectancy theory is the most compelling. I believe motivation is self-created. Therefor the reward is also self-created. For example, going for a run requires self-motivation, the self-reward is feeling better about yourself and looking better in return. You should consider the reward, the cost, the supply and the demand. 5. Outline the three levels of management planning in terms of scope of planning and typical questions and concerns. Why does communication withim the organization play such a vital role in effective planning? Strategic planning: Senior Management, Typically five-years time frame Should we acquire a new company? Should we begin manufacturing in China? Should we expand to overseas markets? Should we take our company public? Tactical planning: Middle management, Typically one-year time frame Should we spend more time servicing each customer? Should we hire a public relations agency to handle PR? Should we spend fewer ad dollars on TV and more on the web? Operational planning: First line management, daily, weekly and monthly TF How should we schedule employees this week? When should we schedule delivery for each batch of product? How should customer service people answer the phones? Successful firms often encourage flow of feedback up and down the organization to ensure that all key plans are sound and that all key players â€Å"buy in.† 6. What is the purpose of a mission statement? Why are the most effectictive mission statements simple, vivid, and compelling? The mission defines the organization’s purpose, values, and core goals, providing the framework for all other plans. It is simple, vivid and compelling so that the employees from the janitor to the CEO, from the customers to investors can easily understand. 7. Name five potential sources of competitive advantage that might be strengths in a SWOT analysis. Are these advantages likely to change over time? Why or why not? Premium brand name, proven management team, lower costs/ higher margins, diverse workforce, higher consumer demand. I think these are definitely likely to change simply cause who knows how long you can maintain a low cost, high margin company. Anything can happen. 8. What are the pros and cons of each key organizational structure? Which do you think would be the best fit for you? Explain your answer. Centralization: Pros: simple and efficient and the result tends to be a strong corporate image and a uniform customer approach across the front lines. Cons: typically respond more lowly to customer needs and have lower employee morale. Span of Control: Pros & cons are determined based on the abilities of both the manager and the subordinates, the nature of the work being done, the location of the employees, and the need for planning and coordinating. Line Organizations: Pros: quick decision making and no fuzziness about who is responsible for what. Cons: lack of specialists to provide advice or support line managers. Inflexibility, too much paper work and even incompetence. Line-and-Staff Organizations: Same pros as line organizations without all the drawbacks. Matrix Organizations: Pros: encourages teamwork and communication. Offers flexibility, lends itself to innovative solutions. Creates a higher level of motivation and satisfaction for employees. Cons: The need for constant communication can bog down a company in too many meetings. The steady state of flux can be overwhelming for both manager and employees. And having two bosses can cause conflict and stress for everyone. I think Spans of Control fits me best because I work best based off the location, manager, work being done and the planning and coordinating. 9. What are the characteristics of effective leaders? What leadership style do most effective leaders use? Leaders are trustworthy, visionary, and inspiring. Also includes empathy,  courage, creativity, intelligence, and fairness. I think Democratic Leaders are the most effective. 10. If an employee falls short of meeting his or her goals, what factors should a manager consider before engaging in disciplinary action? Explain your answer. I think disciplining employees for poor performance should come only after exploring the reasons for not meeting goals and making changes if necessary. Sources â€Å"Planning – The Practice of Proactively Structuring.† Planning – The Practice of Proactively Structuring. 4Shared, n.d. Web. Kelly/Williams, Introduction to Business, BUSN Student Edition 7

Jeffrey Skilling Essay

In 1975 Jeffrey Skilling received his B. S. from Southern Methodist University in applied science, and in 1979 received his M. B. A. from Harvard. He was hired by McKinsey & Company as a consultant and in 1987 began working with Enron to help create a forward market in natural gas (wikipedia. org). Ken Lay hired Skilling in 1990 as chairman and chief executive officer of Enron Finance Corp. and in 1991 he became the Chairman of Enron Gas Services Co. Also, he was appointed CEO/managing director of Enron Capital & Trade Resources. Skilling was promoted to second highest position in the company, president and chief operating officer in 1979. By pushing an aggressive investment strategy, Skilling helped Enron to become the biggest wholesaler of gas and electricity (biography. com). On February 12, 2001 he was named the new CEO of Enron, replacing Ken Lay. Later in 2001, during the energy crisis in California; Skilling resigned on August 14 and shortly after he sold off large blocks of his shares of Enron. Enron declared bankruptcy in December 2001. The Federal Bureau of Investigations indicted Skilling on 35 charges, which he pleaded not guilty on February 19, 2004(wikipedia. org). His trial began on January 30, 2006 and lasted four months. On May 25, 2006 he was found guilty on one count of conspiracy, one count of insider trading, five counts of making false statements to auditors, and twelve counts of securities fraud; and not guilty on nine counts of insider trading(wikipedia. org). October 23, 2006 Skilling was sentenced to 24 years and 4 months in a federal prison and was fined 45 million dollars. Skilling began serving his prison term on December 13, 2006 at a low security federal prison in Littleton, Colorado. His release date is scheduled for February 21, 2028 according to the Federal Bureau of Prisons.

Privatized Prisons in the US Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Privatized Prisons in the US - Research Paper Example This discussion will look into the advantages and disadvantages regarding both systems. The private prison experiment has lasted nearly three decades in the U.S., long enough to make conclusions about the effectiveness and overall impact on state and local governments. Privatized prisons have experienced dynamic growth in recent years but the concept, at least in part, has been around for a long time. During the 1800’s, some states entered into contracts with private groups to lease inmate labor. Leasing prisoners occurred on a fairly routine basis but the system and the inmates, as might be expected, were subject to widespread abuses. Because of this, the prisoner lease system came to an end in 1920’s during the Progressive Era. Until recently the fast growth in the prison and jail populations generated extraordinary opportunities for entrepreneurs to own and operate prisons beginning in the 1980s. The concept of privatization became a topic of public discussion in the mid-1980s, when the newly formed Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) proposed to the State of Tennessee’s to operate its entire prison system. The State paid CCA $250 million dollars on a 99-year deal. In return, CCA would lodge the state’s prisoners for an annually negotiated per-inmate payment. In addition, CCA would insure that the prisons it operated would meet the criterion establish by the same federal judge who had earlier determined that the state’s prison system violated of the U.S. Constitution due to the sub-standard conditions of confinement. (McDonald, et al. 1998) CCA’s relationship with Tennessee started the privatization boom that spread across the nation. Other states were experiencing similar issues with overcrowding and the problems associated with it therefore happy to hand the operation of prisons over to an outside entity. Many have questioned the legality of privatization, arguing the practice does not square with e Constituti on. While the legality of governments assigning correctional authority to private corporations was broadly argued in the 1980s, it now seems that opposition to prison privatization, at least on a constitutional basis, has no merit. Unless a government has positively no convincing statutory authority for entering into contracts with private prison companies, courts will be hesitant to nullify those contacts on grounds of delegation. â€Å"Only delegated rulemaking and adjudication functions that directly purport to exercise a government power are deemed to require special constitutional due process safeguards and to be subject to heightened judicial scrutiny.† (McDonald, et al. 1998) No clear case law has been developed to define with precision how general due process standards will be applied to private prisons. The U.S. has the higher incarceration rate than any other in the world and is paying more than $3 billion a year to the private prison industry. These two facts are i nterrelated in an intentional and disturbing way. According to a study recently completed by the Justice Policy Institute (JPI), America’s two largest private prison corporations, GEO Group and CCA collectively pocketed annual incomes of $2.9 billion in 2010. The JPI issued a report based on the study called â€Å"Gaming the System.† It reveals that during the past decade, the number of prisoners housed in private

Education Assault on Indian Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Education Assault on Indian Children - Essay Example The educational assault on Indian children came in the form of off-reservation boarding schools, which aimed to totally cut off the Indian youth from what colonials thought as the â€Å"contaminating† influences of their Indian culture (Calloway, 2012, p.426). To ensure the success of these boarding schools, attendance was â€Å"mandatory,† and parents who did not send their children to these schools were punished by not receiving their rations and annuities (Calloway, 2012, p.426). The policies in these schools advocated military-style discipline and teaching. Standing Bear, a Lakota, remembered the discomfort of wearing Western clothing and enduring monotonous routines that taught habits and values that fit the American ideas of social norms (Calloway, 2012, p.428). Loneliness and sicknesses prevailed in these schools, where some Indian youths committed suicide, while the youngest ones succumbed to illnesses (Calloway, 2012, pp.429-430). Furthermore, Indian boys and g irls were prepared for their future low-skilled jobs, where boys learned vocational skills and girls learned domestic duties (Calloway, 2012, p.426). Moreover, the teachers taught the Indian youth about American patriotism, racial inferiority of the Indians, and a history where Indians had little to no role in its making (Calloway, 2012, p.426). â€Å"Sioux School Experiences† talked about the resistance of the Indians against assimilation (Calloway, 2012, p.457). Plenty Horses killed a white man and justified it because of his loneliness and his Indian identity (Calloway, 2012, p.457). He showed his rage against unjust Indian policies through his murder, which was a single incident compared to the repeated murders of Indians across centuries. Standing Bear and Red Bird adopted American language and ways, but remained Indian. They fought for Indian rights and equality throughout their lives through writing and publicly

Legal theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Legal theory - Essay Example It is hence a typically Platonic argument.2 Nussbaum firmly claims that a good judge appreciates the poetics of justice. Essentially, the argument of Nussbaum implies that a good judge fulfils his/her professional existence most wholly when s/he is equipped to defend and oppose, and be condemned or repealed, in seeking justice. The clash between the natural law and positivism should be very definite if a judge is to depend on the notion of poetic justice to the core of fair dealing. The judge should make a decision: does this positivistic law go against the heart of my responsibility to humanity and to self? The endeavour is exceptionally challenging. To society it is normally baffling. That challenge is not yet met, albeit the insistent demand by judges for justice and rationality. The objective of this essay is to discuss the argument of Nussbaum in light of the two novels of William Shakespeare, namely, Measure for Measure and The Merchant of Venice. The discussion will revolve ar ound the specific themes of law and morality: Christianity, common law, and the debate of natural law and positivism. ... The Duke cautions Angelo that individual morality should be enacted freely or in public3: Heaven doth with us as we with torches do, Not light them for themselves; for if our virtues Did not go forth of us, ‘twere all alike As if we had them not.4 The above statement is reminiscent of a passage in Matthew 5:15-6, the Sermon on the Mount: â€Å"Nether do men light a candel, and put it vnder a bushel, but on a candelsticke & it giueth light vnto all that are in the house. Let your light so shine before men, that they may se your good workes, & glorifie your Father which is in heauen.†5 The character of Angelo is recognised for his self-control and accuracy, although illustrations of him lean more on apathy than virtuosity. The glorified personal moral principles of Angelo are now subjected to criticism in his recently assigned public position. The conflict between the concept of natural justice and positivistic law, at this point, came in Angelo’s encounter with Isa bella. Isabella speaks up for mercy on the basis of understanding of one’s immorality and emulation of Christ’s life. Unluckily, Angelo is not convinced. Insincerity may be criticised by the passage ‘judge not’, yet it is not banned by the law, an argument Angelo has already stated earlier in the novel.6 Isabella justifies her argument when she implores Angelo to think about the judgement of God: â€Å"How would you be, /If He, which is the top of judgment, should/ But judge you as you are?†7 The allusion of the overgenerous mercy of Christ requires that the ‘human’ or deficient Angelo ought not to give judgment on other mortal beings, a claim that appears to hark back Schleitheim Confession’s article 68: The sword is ordained of God outside the perfection of

Small Group Dynamics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Small Group Dynamics - Essay Example He coined the term "group dynamics" to describe the way groups and individuals act and react to changing circumstancesThe social process by which people interact face-to-face is called group dynamic. Small group communication experts Isa Engleberg and Dianna Wynn (2003) have identified seven types of groups to which you can belong: primary, social, self-help, learning, service, work, and public. For the purpose of the study a group is selected which was appointed by the Government. The group is a public group, in which group members interact for the benefit of an audience. There was wide spread fear among the public due to the outbreak of bird flu in many parts of the world. The government was doing its best to ensure the public that the poultry was safe to eat. But the public were reluctant. The poultry business was affected and many restaurants faced problems because of this. The government decided to do a live talk-show on the National television network, wherein the public can call and talk with the experts to clarify their doubts. The experts appointed by the government were: The members knew very little about the other members in the group and they did not know how to function as a group. The group had to, therefore, go through the all the stages in group formation. So the group was a "zero history group". They had one-week's time and so decided to meet every day before the D-day at 9 in the morning. The first step taken was the exchange of certain information about them or about people close to them such as address, phone, fax and email including their housemates, family, neighbours and friends and also their activities and habits. Groups and Relationships A small group is always influenced by the way how the group fits into its content and how the members balance their relationship both within the group and outside the group. There was very cordial and supportive relationship among the members. The members were engaged in the following activities: a) Problem solving- The members tried to find a way to alleviate the fear for poultry products among the public. Their task was to propagate message about the safety of poultry products in the country. b) Creation of identities- The members voluntarily decided to take up the following roles: Mrs. G- Coordinator and Leader (Shows the relationships between ideas) Mr. D- Initiator-contributor (Generates new ideas) Myself, Ms. C- Information-giver (Offers facts or generalization to the group) Mr. E- Recorder (Keeps a record of group actions) Mrs. G was a democratic leader;

Film Franchises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Film Franchises - Essay Example The Harry Potter (#5,7,11,14) film franchise, meanwhile, is a pentalogy while the Star Wars series (8,17,20) is an octology (IMDb. All-Time Worldwide Box Office). It is worthwhile to mention that the James Bond film franchise, which consists of a series of 23 films ranks first The hereinabove data is a potent proof of the reality that in the movies, moviegoers would rather prefer to patronize movies which they are familiar with in terms of the characters and the story lines and which they know beforehand that there is a high possibility of them enjoying the movies to the hilt. They would rather not risk their money and time with films which they are not so sure whether the quality, the acting and the direction and the story would be to their liking. Like in books, comic strips, TV serials, one good thing must lead to another. are a ready, hard-core audience, a marketing hook and a possibility of generating new fanatics by simply improving the visual quality of the succeeding serials through the taking advantage of advances in cinematic technology especially the special effects phase of film making. Sadly though, many movie producers fail to sustain the movie going public's interest in their purported movie franchises, inevitably run out of steam and end up only in the sequel stage. Others run short of ideas and need the most opportune time to stage another reboot or even a prequel to continue the movie franchise undertaking. An example of this is The Chronicles of Narnia which had already netted more than $1.168 billion but is at the moment stymied in its production of a third serial, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, due to a finalisation of a more convincing and appealing screenplay (Sammons 2004, p.48). The most crucial challenge to all though, would be how to vigorously maintain the franchise's commerc ial appeal and potential and yet make it firmly self-contained as a narrative so that it will not end up churning a "series that outstays its welcome" (Thompson 2008, p.7). History of Film Franchises The movie world took a while to discover the magic and the marketing power of film franchises. Since the birth of cinema on December 28, 1895 when French

English writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

English writing - Essay Example They later form the leadership tables in the kingdoms and dynasties, regarded as heroes, master’s, kings and so forth , but do these titles come with social, economic, cultural or political obligation to the beholder? In other words, what is the role of social relationships and other human interactions and how do the titleholders or the leaders approach the sometimes-conflicting obligations that come with the titles? William Deresiewicz’s ideas on leadership and the sacrifices that one has to make in order to change the position he is in and/or change the society’s perception over a phenomenon can is an analytical tool to evaluate the heroic traditions in these films. In addition, by evaluating the role of social relationships and their sometimes conflicting obligations will help us understand the real cost of heroism and the consequences involved in case the hero/the leader misses a point in his words or actions (Finch, 2). For instance, in Seven Samurai, the conflict of the chief and the village elder on their social/security obligation to defend the farming village creates a row between the residents of the village on the best strategy to apply. Deresiewicz’s view on the kind of leadership that the society requires is based on solitude and independent thought, which may not favor every party in a particular setting. For instance, the chief decides to spare marauding bandi ts until the harvest because he had attacked the mountain before while on the other hand the village elder declares they must find a samurai to protect the village (Seven Samurai Video). Each of the decision had the better part of it and repercussion but which one was more prudent, timely and comprehensive from a leader to his fellow followers? The role of social relationships and the sometimes conflicting obligations will take preference in this case in that for the village elder’s decision to find hungry samurai since they have nothing to offer but food, which is about to be

Comprehensive Examination for Capella Learner Essay

Comprehensive Examination for Capella Learner - Essay Example Kaya (1994) made it clear that in most developing and less developed countries the public libraries are one of the last parts of the infrastructure to be put into place. As a consequence, many developing and less developed countries have a significant gap between the information wants and needs of their mostly poor populations and the information and communications that could potentially be available to them through having more libraries with the latest ICT. The purpose of this paper will be to evaluate how information technology and telecommunications can aid librarianship in developing and less developed countries and help significantly increase the literacy of any given country's population through analyzing one technology installation as it relates to increased literacy. This paper discusses issues that are faced by librarians in developing and less developed countries. An Information and Communications Technology program is suggested to support the librarianship in developing and less developed countries to provide the means for possible improvement of their probable contributions in those countries. This paper considers two key factors as the main ideas. Number one is job satisfaction, which is an extremely important aspect in the structuring of an organization, especially one where motivation is one of its key economic drivers. Number two is libraries that are bundled with the learning environment of society in a developing country. Bearing in mind the relevant fact that in developing and less developed countries human resources is the number one service provider due to lack of technological advances, the issue of job satisfaction for the librarians in those countries becomes crucial to the implementation of positive changes in the socio-cultural context that can help those developing and less developed countries emerge as productive, empowered and proactive communities in the realm of economic and human development. . These significant issues will be discussed and analyzed in some detail. Then the discussion will be followed by the guidelines which should encapsulate the necessary information and communications regarding organizations and associations that can provide support for librarianship in developing and less developed countries aided with the help of the implementation of ICT initiatives that can really enhance the educational experience necessary for those developing and less developed countries to achieve higher degrees of collective welfare. The focus should be placed on the primary factors for funding and finding the proper technologies to support the librarianship in developing and less developed countries in such a synergic way that the learning community can surpass their present level of illiteracy/oral tra ditions, lack of knowledge and poverty through the extremely relevant value of education in all the realms of its implicit and explicit meanings. Without education, it is really impossible to achieve a minimum degree of civilization and development in any country, especially in poverty-stricken countries like the developing and less developed countries. Technology is a powerful means of empowering any

The Diamond Model which has been penned down by Michael Porter Essay

The Diamond Model which has been penned down by Michael Porter - Essay Example This advantage is gained by the nation by increasing demand for that commodity by other nations. Either the nation with the competitive advantage has gained this edge because of the cheap labor available in their region, or it is due to the amazingly high quality of resources that are available within their region. The reason can be any - but once the competitive advantage has been gained, it goes a long way in helping the nation to rule the international market for that commodity and it even gives the nation the power to dictate prices at times, especially if there is scarcity of that commodity or the raw materials needed to make that commodity in other parts of the world, or if the commodity is a staple good or a fast moving consumer good. Thus, competition, in today's age, is not limited to domestic competitors. Rather, the competitors are now present worldwide for a single industry. Thus, Porter's model becomes the most comprehensive model available for this purpose only - to help nations make policies which will help them out beat their international competitors. 1. Firm strategy, structure and rivalry: Strategy is the way through which the nation aims to achieve its goals. If the nation aims to achieve strategic competitive advantage in four industries: wool, cotton, wheat and rice, then it need to work accordingly. Moreover, it also has to structure the domestic industry in a manner which instills competitiveness within the domestic players only, so that the overall industry can reach a higher level. Rivalry is the competition that is ignited within the local competitors, so that they work independently and also in groups to achieve the nation's policy of achieving global competitiveness in the international arena. 2. Demand conditions: A nation's policy on competitiveness around the globe will depend on the demand that exists for its products. The nation's industry can never stand out in a global sphere if the local demand does not match the international demand. If, for instance, the cotton produced in the local areas is of low quality and the local consumers are satisfied with that, then there is no scope for this industry to flourish internationally. This is because if the local demand is not demanding enough out of the industries, then they would never improve their level of quality, service or the elements that make a product from good to better to best. Thus, the more demanding the customers in an economy, the greater the pressure facing firms to constantly improve their competitiveness via different radical innovative product offerings etc. 3. Related and supporting industries: If an industry has to gain competitive advantage internationally, then it should also engage the support of the related and supporting industries. For instance, while making national policy, the related and supporting industries for the government would be the media industry, because of the amount of

The problem with public relations Essay Example for Free

The problem with public relations Essay Budd and Ruben (1988) stressed that the absence of data sources signals mass media’s inevitable downfall and destruction. Once and for all, information is media’s main (product). Thus, it is pretty impossible for media organizations to deliver such (product) if there is an apparent lack of supplier. PR is therefore instrumental in sustaining media’s existence and survival. PR departments of business establishments can supply industry-based news and stories. Likewise, government agencies utilize PR to increase the public’s awareness about the government’s projects and endeavors. Similarly, it can be noticed that advocacy and interest groups capitulated on public relations to voice out their views and opinions. However, while it is true that public relations aid the media in satisfying the market for information, it cannot be denied that PR’s sole purpose is still grounded on the principle of building publicity and creating massive media exposure. The marriage of press releases and news items make it too difficult and confusing for the public to distinguish plain news materials from press releases. The implications of the above-mentioned scenarios are pretty compelling and cannot be readily ignored. For one, the dependence of media organizations on PR departments as news sources raises question regarding the quality of news production. For one, media practitioners are trained and expected to conduct heavy research and collect different news sources to ensure accuracy. Relying on a single source is a cardinal sin for many journalists and broadcasters primarily because news items must ensure that all angles of the story are presented. Relatively, this also served as a challenge to the degree of professionalism practiced by individuals that work in the media. Data gathering and verifying information are essential routines in news production. This means that journalists and broadcasters are expected to go out of their comfort zones and look for socially relevant topics that serve the public’s interests. The notion that media practitioners should develop a keen eyes for details and nose for news, imply that media outfits must exert effort in providing news rather than merely sit and wait for PR handouts. But more than anything else, this situation readily surrenders mass media’s freedom. Mutual connections of news organizations and PR departments manifest media’s subtle suppression and independence from the powerful influences of external environments. Indeed, PR departments, due to its strong links to business organizations, governmental agencies and even advocacy groups, now has the upper-hand in the overall process of how news is produced and delivered to the public (Fitzpatrick Bronstein, 2006) . Drawing on Dahrendorf’s idea of power legitimacy, business establishments and government agencies have the authority to transform news materials into mere promotional or propaganda copies (Slattery, 2003). These actors are well positioned in the social strata that grant them a good grasp of influence. The uneven distribution of authority and rule (Slattery, 2003) readily legitimizes the position of business organizations and government agencies in the social, political, cultural and legal hierarchy. PR subsequently becomes a tool for control and manipulation via exerting pressure to distort and fabricate news items. It is important to note that media outfits are also business endeavors that depend on profiteering to sustain their survival. Profit, in the media context is measured by high ratings and wide audience reception. But this can be only achieved if newspapers and television programs alike have enough information to offer for public consumption (Craig, 2004). It is the information—the news stories that function as lifebloods of the media industry. When PR departments become involved in news making, they are very much capable of withholding data and information that leaves journalists and broadcasters at their mercy. This is most especially true in situations wherein corporate reputation is very much at stake. In these times, media practitioners must exercise neutrality and objectivity. However, neutrality in this case does not work well for PR. One must readily take sides. What happens then is that journalists and news anchors are compelled to transform press releases into (well-researched) news reports that simply explain the sides of the affected party. However, a closer look into the matter shows that these simple explanations are no less than defense mechanisms that are pursued to protect capitalistic aims and orientations. Other business organizations would even push media practitioners to exaggerate press releases and resort to sensationalism (Whitaker, Ramsey Smith, 2004). On the other hand, government agencies can impose legal sanctions to influence news coverage and to a certain extent—silence media groups. These institutions can very much exercise censorship to dismantle media’s critical stand. This situation is highly evident in communities governed by extremely authoritarian regimes. Likewise, if government offices fail to garner favorable media attention, they can create their own media system and thus capitalize on PR. Nowadays, it is not too much of an extraordinary thing to see government agencies publish their own newsletters or newspapers (Franklin Murphy, 1991). A deconstruction of these media contents clearly show that campaign materials are readily expressed as news. Yes, these copies may well increase the public’s awareness. But news, in the truest sense of the word, is not self-serving. Apparently, this scenario manifests a blatant abuse of freedom of expression. However, press releases are also exploited by other media practitioners. This can be specifically observed in journalists and broadcasters who are active members of advocacy groups. Their ideological beliefs may very much interfere with the way they handle news stories. Biases may occur in treating subjects that have differing opinions and perspectives. There are instances wherein released statements of their respective groups are customized to look like news items. But then again, no matter how noble the intentions are, this does not erase the fact that the public is deceived and mislead. The inability of media individuals to distance themselves from their respective affiliations is a subtle and unconscious way of placing more PR content in news items. The agenda-setting model states that mass media in general have the ability to dictate and redefine the audience’s perception (Botha et. al, 2007). News organizations, regardless of the ethical standards that govern broadcast, print and online media can tell the public which issues should be considered important and which should be immediately dismissed as irrelevant. The agenda-setting function of media is manifested through giving focus and emphasis on particular subjects (Botha et. al, 2007). When certain events or personalities receive much media attention, the public is made to believe that these are important. It can be observed that majority of released news items are mainly concern on few large-scale issues. Yet, it seems that there is diversity in newspapers and television news programs. But the truth is, these issues are simply dissected and articulated from different angles. Public relations officers know this very well and PR agencies are readily capitulating on these situations (Burns, 2002). Even though it is a common practice for news producers to identify news angles, this has been nonetheless, abused. Consequently, this scenario is also instrumental in the prevalence of unethical practices in mass media. These include biases, data fabrication, inaccuracy, and conflicting interests. Under this context, news and media in general becomes a tool of the elite to retain their positions in the social and political ladder. Media becomes a hegemonic machine of the ruling class. This situation further reaffirms Althusser’s argument that media is part of the so-called â€Å"ideological state apparatuses or ISA (Fourie, 2007). † Conclusion PR is indeed, a good source of news stories. However, there should be a clear distinction between press releases and news items. Media organizations must assert their independence and autonomy from certain groups that could very well affect news production. It should be always remembered that providing relevant information is not synonymous to creating â€Å"praise releases. † Ethical practices in the media must be strictly observed. The public’s demand for information should not be perceived from a business-oriented view. News stories are not commodities. The public needs to know because the public needs to make a decision. Media, more than anything else is accountable to the public, not to PR agencies. Reference List Benkler, Y. (2006). The Wealth of Networks How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedoms. Connecticut: Yale University Press Botha, D; Chaka, M; du Plessis, N; Krause, B; Rawjee, V. P; Porthen, D; Veerasamy, D and Wright, B. (2007). Public Relations Fresh Perspectives. Cape Town: Pearsons Education South Africa (Pty) Ltd. Budd, R. and Ruben, B. (1988) Beyond Media New Approaches to Mass Communication. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers Burns, L. (2002). Understanding Journalism. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Clear, A. and Weideman, L. (2001) Dynamics of Public Relations and Journalism. (2nd ed). Cape Town: Juta Co. Ltd. Craig, G. (2004). The Media, Politics and Public Life. North South Wales: Allen Unwing Davies, A. (2003). Public Relations and News Sources. In S. Cottle (Ed. ), News, public relations and power. London: Sage Publications Inc. Fleming, C; Hemmingway, E; Moore, G and Welford, D. (2006). An Introduction to Journalism. London: Sage Publications Inc. Fitzpatrick, K and Bronstein, C. (2006). Ethics in Public Relations. London: Sage Publications Inc. Fourie, P. (Ed. ) (2007). Media Studies Media History, Media and Society (Vol. 1). Cape Town: Juta Co. Ltd. Franklin, B. and Murphy, D. (1991). What News?. London: Routledge L’Etang, J. (2004). Public Relations in Britain. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc. Ray, S. (2007) And Now for the good News. Massachusetts: Moment Point Press Schultz, R. (1998) Reviving the fourth estate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Slattery, M. (2003). Key Ideas in Sociology. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes Ltd. Sloan, W. and Parcell, L. (Eds) (2002). American Journalism History, Principles, Practices. North Carolina: McFarland Company Inc. Whitaker,W; Ramsey, J and Smith, R. (2004). MediaWriting Print, Broadcast and Public Relations. (2nd ed). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.

Virtual Supermarket Technology: Advantages and Disadvantages

Virtual Supermarket Technology: Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages of Hybermarket Technology Virtual subway Store Virtual subway stores makes shopping easier and saves time. For the point of make shopping easier and simple is customers can scan the barcode from any product they have at hand to place an order for one. It is easier for the customer to reorder food and office supplies that ran out of them, instead of having to remember to put it on a list, for a future trip to the store. The customer can get the product by setting the delivery time and location when they make the payment. Retailer set retail kiosks with life-size images of real product displays, placed in high-traffic areas like subway stations, which will be attacking the customer while they are waiting around. Its serving as an advertisement for the retailer. However, it can also save lots of money for the retailer, which they would have been spending open a real store. Card Scanning Technology Card scanning technology is more secure. This simple technology has increased the level of card security. It uses encryption and authentication technology which has increased the level of card security associated with payment cards. The microprocessor chip embedded at the heart of the smart card requires contact to the card reader and certain areas of the chip can be programmed for specific industries. Next, save to transport. Having the cards gives the holder the ability to carry larger amounts of money. It can reduce the problem of stolen money. Once cards had been stolen, it is nearly impossible to recover it because it needs the pin number of the cards. It can avoid the long queue. Card scanning technology just needs a few seconds to complete the payment, it gives the customer a fast and simple shopping experience. Intelligent retail and purchases Advantage of intelligent retail and purchase is it help customer found the stuff faster and easier. This type of technology include the location of each stuff, after customer key in the stuff system will come out the location that the stuff placed, can give the route to the stuff. Next, customer can list the stuff that they want before they go to the hypermarket. It is a good habit of plan before shopping. It can avoid buying the stuff that not really wants. Besides that, the technology of intelligent retail and purchase will show that the promotion of the hypermarket. It can attract the customer to visit the hypermarket and able to help the customer to find out the latest promotion product. Last but not least, intelligent retail and purchase can also give the suggestion or notification of promotion of customer favorable. The system of the technology had record the purchase of the customer, so system can depend of the previous purchases then come out the suggestion. Touch Screen Purchasing Advantage of touch screen purchasing is fast and simple purchasing. This technology only need the customer to stay in front of the touch screen kiosk of the hypermarket, key in the name of the product, select the brand of item that they want, after that customer can get the product after they pay. It can save the time of searching for item placed and the difference price of the similar product. Customer can get the information though the touch screen kiosk. Technology of touch screen purchasing is very easy to use. Customer only need to key in the stuff that they want, after that kiosk will come out the information of the product. No any personal device needed, so it’s also easily for everyone to use the technology. Disadvantages of Hypermarket Technology Disadvantage of virtual subway store is may late delivery. In the concept of virtual subway store, delivery places an important role. Customer will get the product by using delivery. If the delivery company suddenly comes out issue, for example weather, personal factor and so on, it will affect the time of deliver. Next, virtual shopping mode might elevate the case of returning product. Since customer does not seem the actual product that they will get, it is unable to make sure that the product is in good conditions before they purchase. Additional fees like shipping will be hidden until the late of the checkout process was a disadvantage of virtual subway mode. Sometimes retailer was hidden the cost of shipping fees, in order to get more attractive of customer. When the customer almost finishes the order they only get that they need to pay the shipping fees as well. The disadvantage of card scanning technology is easily lost. Because of the card are small, it is easily lost the card if the person are irresponsible. If lost the card, it will be very inconvenience, because a card may have double or more uses. The process of register another card it take many procedure, it is very trouble to the user. Next, Possible Risk of Identify Theft. While if use the card collect, it make the job of bearing person more easier. However, for criminals seeking a new identity, they are like gold, based on the amount of information it can contain on an individual. Unnecessary Surveys will be provided after shopping is the disadvantage of the intelligent retail and purchases. Due to the system of this technology, the survey will be provided before customer go out. Retailer always seeks for improvement for their business in order to maintain the customer, and find out the way that increase loyalty customer. Next, intelligent retail and purchase are too dependent on mobile device. Hypermarket can only use the mobile device to connect the hypermarket system connection. It required the customer have the mobile devices and also application to connect with the hypermarket system. While for those who are not match to the system connection they are unable to use the technology. Disadvantage of touch screen purchasing is low privacy. Customer personal information may be seems by large screen kiosk. When customer stands in front of the kiosk making purchase, someone maybe stand behind them, so that they will saw the personal information of the customer. Lost the delight of shopping. Some of customers’ is more likely to enjoy searching the product, touch and feel the product. So when the hypermarket become advance, customer do not have the delight of shopping. For touch screen purchasing, its also need customer go out to the hypermarket to buy the stuff themselves. It just provides the kiosk to select the product to save the customer time for find the stuff placed. Implementation challenges The main challenge of many retailer is retailer have to implement technology into existing stores to become multichannel. Such as smart screens, in-store tablets and the use of near-field communications (NCF) for contactless payments. Besides that, implementation challenge by using virtual subway store is good mobile connective is required. The order takes by virtual subway mode by using mobile to scan the barcode of the product. But in real life, there is no all people are practiced with the mobile function. Implementation challenge of card scanning technology is slow adoption. If used as a payment card, not every store or restaurant will have the hardware necessary to use these cards. One of the reasons for this is since the technology is more secure, it is also more expensive to produce and use. Therefore, some stores may charge a basic minimum fee for using smart cards for payment, rather than cash. The challenge of intelligent retailer and purchase is not everyone have mobile device. It is very hard for the hypermarket to implement this system while some of the customer does not have the mobile devices or application. In order to set up the system, it needs the accurate data. The data have to been set at the factory, and it was costly. Touch Screen purchasing implementation challenge is set up cost. Hypermarket need to set up lot of touch screen kiosk at the hypermarket. The cost of set up kiosk is expensive. This type of technology is only save the place of display of the product. Its also need to keep the inventory of all the product that they sell. The inventory costs are high for this technology. Security Issues For the secure issue, customer should always look for the address-bar padlock symbol. Look for the address-bar padlock symbol. A webpage should always be  Secure Sockets Layer  (SSL)-encrypted when plan to use credit card information to shop. SSL encryption ensures privacy by restricting the computers that can access the data being transferred, limiting access to user and the online retailer exclusively. Next, never give out credit card number over email. Legitimate retailers will never ask for credit card information or other sensitive personal details over email. The only time that needs to give the information of credit card is when you are on an SSL-encrypted webpage operated by a trusted retailer. If shopping on a mobile device, stick to apps you know. Mobile shopping presents its own set of security issues, it is better for us to use apps that came directly from retailers, and to make purchases inside those apps. Lastly, never make purchases over public, for example unsecured WIFI. It could leave your personal information at risk. Integrating security practices across agencies, a task requiring collaboration among separate and dissimilar internal organizations; achieving smart card interoperability across the government; and maintaining the security of smart card systems and the privacy of personal information. According to Worku (2010), e-payment and e-banking applications represent a security challenge as they highly depend on  critical ICT systems that create vulnerabilities in financial institutions, businesses and potentially  harm customers Customer information is set in the mobile, so when they lost the mobile, personal information will be disclosed. Next, the system of the technology is having the data of customer purchases record. They can simply send the annoying promotion message to the customer and also sell the customer purchase record to the other industry. Customer personal information display in the touch screen kiosk. Interest parties will easily to get the information for immoral purpose. It is very danger for the customer. Beside that customer should know their right. Consumers are required to write a physical letter within 60 days detailing any complaint to the retailer, with a return receipt acting as proof that the creditor received the letter. The Federal Trade Commission provides an example letter, so all you need to do is fill in the blanks with your information.

US Public Attitudes Towards Welfare State | Research Study

US Public Attitudes Towards Welfare State | Research Study Tim Mulligan Employment and Attitudes toward People on Welfare Welfare is one of the United States most prominent political issues. Since the U.S welfare system was established in 1935, its fiscal structure, the source of its funding and the qualifications of its recipients have been continuous topics of debate. Because of America’s highly diverse population, a plethora of attitudes have developed regarding the way that people view welfare recipients, and this may be attributed to many different factors. I took it upon myself to look more specifically at the relationship between individuals who work (or do not work) and people who are on welfare. The question that I decided to research was, â€Å"does an individual’s employment status influence their attitude towards people who are on welfare?† I believe that this is an important question to address because people tend to generalize that individuals who work have harshly negative attitudes toward people receiving welfare checks because they do not have to work for the money. If this is in fact true, then I believe it would play a huge role in the outcomes of many elections as well as how states organize their welfare systems. My hypothesis is Ha: in a comparison of individuals, those who are currently working will have more negative feelings towards people who are on welfare than individuals who are not working. My null hypothesis would be H0: there is no relationship between an individual’s employment status and their feelings toward people who are on welfare. I believe my hypothesis to be true because I think it would be very hard to find a person who works and exerts themselves to receive an income and is also tolerant of other individuals who are receiving money without having to work. Some people may feel that their work and efforts are belittled because individuals who do not put forth the same effort can still claim an â€Å"income†. There may also be individuals who had experienced financial hardship (like many of the people who utilize welfare) but worked their way back into financial stability without the aid of welfare. These people may have a more negative â€Å"if I could do it , then they should be able to do it† attitude towards people on welfare. I think this hypothesis is applicable to individuals in all types of occupations but even more so to individuals in the manual labor work force. People who work lower paying manual labor jobs could have extremely negative views towards people who are welfare because they are physically exerting themselves while welfare recipients may not have to do so themselves. On the other end of my hypothesis, individuals who are not employed could have more positive feelings toward people on welfare for several reasons. The most notable reason is that there is probably a higher chance that individuals who are not employed may in fact be receiving welfare aid themselves. I do not believe that individuals who are currently on welfare will have negative feelings towards the very program that they are using. Another factor could be individuals who are not necessarily â€Å"out of the job† but are simply not actively looking to work. For example, housewives, non-working students and young adults may not have the same negative feelings as someone who is employed because they do not have a job or income to compare with those of people who are on welfare. These groups of people may not have the same â€Å"belittled† feeling that employed people may have and they may have more neutral or positive feelings towards people who are on welfare. The data set that I used for my analysis is nes2008. This dataset is from an American National Election Time Series Study which took place in 2008. 4,424 total individuals were interviewed on a face-to-face basis, 2,322 individuals before the presidential election and 2,102 individuals after the presidential election. As can be assumed by the face-to-face polling the unit of analysis for this study was individuals. (ANES) The integrity of this data set is strong in the way that the individuals were polled on a wide variety of topics such as their voting participation, values, familiarity with the media and their ideologies. This helps to insure that the individuals do not feel as though they are being interviewed for a specific topic or to answer a specific question which could swayed their answers in a less accurate direction. The large number of people who were sampled is also a positive aspect of the data set. Though four thousand people may not perfectly represent the opinions of the entire population of the U.S, the sample size is large enough to generate at least a sufficient representation. (ANES) On the other hand, the nes2008 data set does have a few negative characteristics. The interviewing of individuals pre-and-post-election may have generated results that inconsistently represent the U.S population because of the effect that the election may have had on some people’s views or answers. Although the two waves of interviewees consisted of different people, the election may have influenced individuals to respond more positively or negatively to certain questions based on the outcome of the election. The population could have been represented far differently before the election than after the election. This may be an effect that the study was trying to induce, but for my research it does not generate the best representation of the population. Another issue with the nes2008 data set is that there was a designed oversampling of African-American and Latino respondents. This oversampling presents another issue in regards to the studies representation of the general popula tion as it may not include as many answers from other races that could affect my testing outcomes. Luckily, the data set included a formula that would help to weigh the data in a way that would better represent the population. (ANES) The dependent variable that I selected was welfare_therm. This is a continuous variable that asks for individuals to rate the warmth of their feelings toward people who are on welfare from 0 º (coldest) to 100 º (warmest). It is implied that warmer feelings are more positive than colder feelings. This was a good variable for me to use because the question that I am trying to answer pertains to individual’s feelings toward people who are on welfare. I believe rating their feelings in degrees rather than categories like â€Å"negative†, â€Å"slightly negative†, â€Å"neutral† and so on allows for individuals to be more specific when describing their feelings towards people on welfare. Although, I do believe that the wide range of the thermometer may bring about a less definitive description of what is considered a mildly positive or mildly negative feeling toward people who are on welfare. A graph depicting welfare_therm can be seen in figure 1. My main independent variable was employ_status, which had individuals identify themselves within employment status categories. These categories were: working now, temporarily laid off, unemployed, retired, permanently disabled, homemaker, and student. At first, this variable did not present the most valid measurement of employment status that I would need for my research. To generate a better representation of the feelings generated by individuals who were working or not working, I had to refine the number of categories in the variable. I recoded the variable so that an individual’s response would either register as A. working or B. not working. This new variable was called working and would serve as a better variable for measuring a relationship with my dependent variable, feelings toward people on welfare. A graph depicting working can be seen in figure 2. The first of my control variables was gender. This variable categorized individual respondents as either male or female. It is important to note that because of the way that this variable was coded in Stata (1=male, 2=female), I needed to recode it so that it would be more easily measured by my tests. I recoded the variable as 0=male and 1=female and I named the new variable female. I included this control variable because I believed that an individual’s gender would have a large impact on the feelings that they had towards people who are on welfare. Stereotypically women are assumed to be more emotional and sympathetic towards individuals who may be in need and I thought that this might have an effect on their attitude towards a person who is on welfare. The second control variable that I included in my test was hh_kids, which is a categorical measure of the number of kids in the respondent’s household. 0=no kids 1=one kid and 2=two or more kids in the household. I believe that this variable would have served my research better if the categories represented the dynamic of households with few kids and households with many kids better. Perhaps categories such as 0 kids, 1-3 kids and 3 or more kids would have been better because I do not think that 2 kids represents a household with â€Å"many† kids, which was the dynamic I was aiming to measure. I do believe that this variable is sufficient, though. I believe that the number of kids that an individual has in their household effects their feelings toward people on welfare because individuals with many children may know what it’s like to be on a tight budget or to have to provide for children. People with many kids in their home could be sympathetic towards people on welfare because they might be under the impression that the people who are on welfare need it to support their children. Income_r was my third control variable. This variable reports the income of the respondent within twenty five categories that range from â€Å"none or less than $2,999† to â€Å"$150,000 and over†. Unfortunately, the categories are not equally sized. For example, there is a category labeled â€Å"$15,000-16,999† and its subsequent category is labeled â€Å"$17,000-$19,999†. The former category has a range of $1,999 dollars and the latter a range of $2,999 and this difference in category size occurs throughout the variable. This may be a weak point of this control variable. None the less, I included this control variable because I believe that the lower an individual’s income, the more understanding or warm their feelings may be for people who are on welfare. In opposition people with high incomes who may work very hard for their money may have colder feelings for people on welfare and who may be out of work. The final control variable that I included in my tests was relig_attendHi. This variable categorizes an individual’s level of religious attendance as either low or high. This variable may be weak because of the fact that there is no knowing exactly what amount of attendance fits the description of â€Å"high† or â€Å"low’ attendance. One respondents idea of high attendance could be once a week, where as another respondent could consider once every few months to be high attendance. There is also no telling where the dividing line between high and low may be. That being said, I believe that religious attendance has a significant impact on an individual’s feelings towards people on welfare because many religions are proponents of acts of charity or helping those who are in need. Individuals who are religious may be more inclined to see welfare as a means of helping those who need financial help rather than an unfair handout. I used a multiple regression test to interpret the relationship between an individual’s employment status and their feelings toward people who are on welfare. I used this test because a multiple regression test is appropriate for my dependent variable which is continuous. It was also essential that I used a multiple regression test so that I would be able to control for my Z (control) variables when determining the relationship between employment status and feelings toward people who are on welfare. After running my multiple-regression test on the responses of 1,922 individuals, I found that an individual’s employment status does matter when it comes to their feelings toward people who are on welfare. The employment status of an individual is statistically significant at the 95% confidence interval and my test showed that an individual that is working is likely to have feelings that are 2.49 degrees colder than an individual that is not working regarding people who are on welfare. (coefficient estimate) This provides me with enough evidence to state that there is support for my hypothesis that working individuals have more negative feelings toward individuals on welfare than people who are not working. These results can be seen in figure 3. Gender, income, and religious attendance also tested to be statistically significant at the 95% confidence interval. These outcomes confirm my original predictions for these variables. Women are likely to have feelings that are 2.46 degrees warmer than males. This could in fact indicate that women are more sensitive and tolerant of people who are in need and may be using welfare for survival. Also, the higher category of income that an individual is in the colder their feelings get towards individuals who are on welfare. This is in line with my prediction that richer people may not be fond of people getting money from the government for no work, and poorer people being more understanding of people on welfare’s need for an income. People with higher religious attendance also show to have 3.56 degrees warmer feelings toward people who are on welfare than people with low religious attendance. Religious attendance appeared to be the control variable that was the most indicative of an individual’s feelings toward people who are on welfare. This also gave validity to my prior thought that people with higher religious attendance may be more open minded to acts of charity and aiding those in need. The number of kids in an individual’s household did not turn out to be statistically significant. This disappointed me because I thought that people with more kids would have significantly different feelings toward people who are on welfare than people with few or no kids in their household. I believe that this may be because most people who have children have planned for their kids financially and may not have as high of a tolerance for people on welfare that may not have planned for the children they are supporting. The R-squared value for my multiple regression test was only 0.0602. This means that the independent and control variables that I included in my test only accounted for six percent of the total variance in my dependent variable, feelings toward individuals on welfare. I thought that the control variables that I selected would have yielded higher variance accountability. It turns out that employment status, gender, income, number of kids in a household and religious attendance are only a few of the many factors that can influence an individual’s feelings toward welfare recipients. In conclusion, I discovered that employment status is statistically significant when determining a person’s feelings towards people who are on welfare. I can reject my null hypothesis which is that there is not relationship between an individual’s employment status and their feelings toward people on welfare. In relation to the real world, one could say that people who work are more likely to view people who are on welfare more negatively. This could be a product of many things including an individual’s views on work ethic, morals, fairness, equality and much more. It would be interesting to research what exactly causes a working person to view welfare recipients more negatively. Although I have found support for my hypothesis, there are many more control variables that I could include in future research of this question. I believe that political ideology would influence the way a person feels about people on welfare because liberals and conservatives have specif ic views and welfare policies and who should be recipients. The state in which an individual lives in could also be a good control variable to include because although all states are a part of the federal welfare system, different states have different internal welfare systems that could spark different opinions. I also think it would be important to divide the term â€Å"welfare† into its different categories such as unemployment, healthcare, childcare etc. because I think that people tend to make the generalization that welfare means â€Å"unemployment checks†. Tables/Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Works Cited ANES Data Center Study Pages ANES 2008 Time Series Study. ANES Data Center Study Pages ANES 2008 Time Series Study. Accessed May 6, 2015.

Women Athletes in Male Dominated Sports Essay -- Argumentative Persuas

Women Athletes in Male Dominated Sports Sports are one of the great American pastimes, but the reality is that sports have encouraged a very distinct separation between males and females in the American society. The attitudes acquired through sports are learned on the field and breached into the real world to create conflict between the sexes. The issue of gender inequality goes far beyond the sports world, yet male dominated organizations form and support the sexes. With this separation of sexes we see the social and cultural strain on athletes participating in opposite gender sports, because society frowns on women participating in male dominated sports. The idea of sports has always had a masculine viewpoint. It has been seen as unladylike for women to participate in certain sports, let alone those that are primarily male dominated. The American public's fascination with female athletes: tennis players, professional golfers, figure skaters, and gymnasts. These sports demonstrate the agility and elegance "natural" to women and although athleticism is clearly a major aspect of these sports, the individual stars are known, culturally at least, more for their "feminine" attributes like self-sacrifice, glamour and grace (Banet-Weiser, p 411). From the article by Banet-Weiser, we can see society and the general public recognition of female athletes has always been based on their feminine beauty and objectified status, rather than their athletic skill, which becomes a major drawback to women's sports and probably a significant reason why many women drop out of sports or have their sexual identity questioned when they try to prove their ath leticism. This issue of gender in sport occurs all the time. The masculine assumptions... ... everyone whether male or female needs to incorporate physical activity into their daily routine. Without it, we would not be able to participate in athletics and so what if a woman sweats when she is at the gym or playing a sport, it just proves that she is working hard at what she is doing. So, in a way, sport provides communication with other people and improves the physical, mental, and emotional well being of a woman. I think we just need to look past the negative aspects of sport because they can distract athletes or even cause them to stop doing what they love. Pressure from society to fit in is always a hard thing to deal with and those that overcome the remarks from audiences or critics become the better person in the long run by looking back at what they accomplished and what they have left behind for many other generations of women athletes to follow.

Sex in Othello and Hamlet Essay -- Sex Gender Feminine Essays

Sex debases men. They begin to struggle when they feel they are losing control of their emotions in any way. For a woman to easily change the way a man feels or the way he acts just by being female and attractive is enough to drive men insane. William Shakespeare's plays, Othello and Hamlet, demonstrate on paper, on film, and in other art forms that female sexuality and beauty are a threat to patriarchal society and that they must be controlled. Showalter affirms this in her essay by quoting David Laverenze's essay, "The Woman in Hamlet." In this essay he asserts that, " Hamlet's disgust at the feminine passivity in himself translated into violent revulsion against women and into his brutal behavior toward Ophelia" (Showalter 222). As men begin to see feminine aspects within themselves they will go to great lengths to not only deny, but also control these undesirable changes. Shakespeare's two plays are a direct commentary of the male insecurity that exists within relationships. Shakespeare's message concerning the male preoccupation with masculinity and their resulting fear of feminine sexuality has been portrayed in film, photography, and drawings. The way the women are represented in each genre clearly demonstrates the power of female sexuality. Though separate in style, each artwork clearly shows how the men of the play see the women as sexual powerhouses. The other genres help to reinforce my analysis of the text. In film we can watch hamlet's facial expressions as he reacts to Ophelia's obvious pull over his emotions. Every picture is taken for a reason in photography. Through each frame we are able to analyze the split second of action the photographer intended to capture. Here we are able to see an emotion or movement w... ...he become and the deeper into his insecurity he falls. Shakespeare's plays, the movies of his plays, and representations of his women through art all work together to create this great social commentary on men in relationships. The plays are obviously extreme since every man who is in love does not kill his lover. The point of the extremity however, is to reveal the gap that may otherwise go unnoticed. Desdemona and Ophelia are far from role models for women. They die and we do not want that. Once again, however their cases are extreme. We learn from them that acting blind to your lover's issues is not what we should strive to achieve. Rather, we should work together to make our sexuality a less foreign object to men. The more comfortable they are with it, the less intimidating it will seem and the more enjoyable it will be for both participants in the relationship.

Reflection by Christina Aguilera & Song Birds of Pain by Garry Kilworth

The Songbirds of Pain by Garry Kilworth and Reflection by Christina Aguilera shares the same theme of â€Å"finding one’s self (identity)†, the subject of both the selection and the song has been expected to act in ways which are opposite or afar from their true personalities. The Songbirds of Pain is about a woman who has her identity created for her, while Reflection is about a girl who was hiding who she was in order to reach the expectations of the people surrounding her. I have related some of the song’s stanzas to the event or occurrences that happened to Anita in the Songbirds of Pain.In the song Reflection on the first 4 lines â€Å"Look at me, you may think you see who I really am, but you’ll never know me. † I have related these lines in Songbirds of Pain because Anita (the protagonist) has had her identity created for her by Philip. Philip, Anita’s lover, has molded her to be someone who he wants to be with. He did not really know Anita from who she really is because (1) Anita was young when he met her and she has not found herself yet, and (2) he chooses to see what he wants to see and not what things really are.Anita did not complain about this, she did not mind that her opinions were just barrowed from Philip but then she had come to realize that one day Philip would leave her, and she would not have anything, except her beauty. But beauty fades away with youth, and she is growing older so she have decided to have an operation that will make her more beautiful and that will make her beauty last longer. In the third stanza â€Å"I am now, in a world where I have to hide my heart and what I believe in. But somehow I will show the world what's inside my heart and be loved for who I am†.Anita has this identity where she cannot show what she really feels and thinks. I think that Anita wanted an operation not just because she wanted everlasting beauty but because she wanted to finally show who she really is, I think she want to know what will happen if things in her life happened differently. Like what if, before Philip found her, she has already found herself? I think that she wants to use this opportunity to find out if Philip would still love her or if things would be the same as it was. In the sixth stanza â€Å"There's a heart that must be free to fly that burns with a need to know the reason why†.I think that when Anita was at Algarez, Brazil for her operation she felt free, because for the first time she has finally made a decision for herself. Even though she had second thoughts about the operation she still pushed it through, because I think that Anita felt that she needs to do this for herself and for her own good, and I think that she is testing herself if she could make the right choices for herself or choices that will make her feel satisfied and happy. In the last stanza â€Å"Why must we all conceal what we think and how we feel? Must there be a secret me I'm forced to hide?I won't pretend that I'm someone else for all time. When will my reflection show who I am inside? When will my reflection show who I am inside? † In the end Anita found herself, her world and she used pain (due to the operations) to get there. Secretly she loved that world, because she was herself, she did not have to act in ways that other people (Philip) expects her to be. She hid her love for pain, I do not think that she was proud of it, but she was able to fake just enough to go back to London. Philip was waiting for Anita at the Airport; he was waiting for Anita to arrive.When Anita saw Philip she felt how much she loves him, and what pain she will experience if she loses him. Pain, Anita has learned to love pain, and Anita was leaving Philip for the pain that it will cost her. She will be in pain, but at the same time she would be herself, forever. She would be in the world of Anita where â€Å"She was the sun, the moon, the stars, the Earth. She was voi d, she was matter, she was light. † She is going to be the center of her own universe. Anita has been a naive girl from the start of the selection but her character evolved after a series of occurrences that have been life changing for her.She managed to found herself even though it took her a long time. Like in the song Reflection, the subject was able to justify that she wants to be seen and to break free from the status quo that is holding her. The moral of this is; you should show who you really are and do not think that it’s too late because as the saying goes â€Å"it’s better late than never†. And do not expect that the path would not be rocky because it is always hard to get something that is worthwhile. We just have to be patient.

Stanford Prison Experiment and Hard-hitting Local Editorials

For hundreds of thousands of historic period, adult male civilizations tended to barter for goods, art shells and precious stones for food and other classical commodities. For the first evidence of cash as smooth-spoken, we need to go back 5,000 years to where modern-day Iraq now sits, to find the shekel. though this was the first act upon of currency, it was non gold as we know and understand it today. It truly represented a certain exercising weight of barley, a kind of plant, equivalent to prosperous or silver. Eventu everyy, the shekel became a coin currency in its hold right. In frequently convictions the same flair, Britains currency is every last(predicate)ed the stick, because it was originally equivalent to a pry of silver. The ancient Greeks and Romans used gold and silver coins as currency, with the Latin denarius ultimately boastful birth to dinar in respective(a) countries including Jordan and Algeria, and providing the d that served as an abbreviat ion for the British penny before decimalization in 1971. It also pulls us the word for money in Spanish and Portuguese sugar and dinhero. The first ever bank nones were issued in 7th-century China, though it took another 1,000 years before the melodic theme of paper money was adopted in Europe, y Swedens Stockholms Banco in 1661. British scientists pull in begun studying a exalted meteorite to reveal much about the recital of Mars. The rock, named Tissint after the Moroc erect bea where it crashed in July 2011, was recovered from the ground just vanadium months later not enough time to be too contaminated. The Tissint sample is in all probability the almost important meteorite to open set down on the kingdom in the prevail 100 years, says Dr. Caroline smith, curator of meteorites at the Natural History Museum in London. An compendium of the rock revealed its Martian origin. It would have been outside from Mars when an asteroid struck he planet, staying in space a s rubble before being attracted by the Earths gravity. Of the 41,000 officially recognized meteorites, 61 come from Mars and the Tissint rock is except the fifth that was witnessed falling. Dr. Tony Irving of Washington University, who performed some sign analysis on the sample, does not venture there is much chance of purpose fossilized life in spite of appearance it. provided the British team could reveal whether minerals have been affected by water or contain elements such as carbon. Smith says Were not looking for microbes, except were looking for the chemical and environmental signatures to indicate whether Mars, at ome place in its past, may have provided a satisfactory environment for life to exist. While performing computer games is sometimes seen as a solitary pursuit, a study at Brigham Young University shows that it truly enhances social connections. perusal the effect of multiplayer online games on marriages, researchers found that in the 76% of the cases wh ere the couple played together, games actually aided the relationship. In other words, couples that gamed together stayed together. Games may have other make on us too. The famous psychologist, Philip Zimbardo, deep spoke out on the subject. In his 1971Stanford Prison Experiment, in which volunteers were randomly charge the roles of prisoner or guard, he showed that human behaviour is heavily influenced by environmental and social pressures. More recently, Zimbardo even suggested that exposing children to morally ambiguous situations in games could be efficacious in helping them develop their own moral compass. One possibility is to look for virtual worlds done computer games that could change people to experience and understand concepts that they would otherwise find difficult to imagine. Games about society, dwell by real people and indeterminate to all, could help test how different ultural backgrounds could be brought together in peace. The Although many connection newspapers are justifiably proud of their high-pressure local editorials, perhaps half of all community papers carry no editorials at all. Publishers who refuse to editorialize often claim that editorial harassing is resented in underage communities. Others are fearful of alienating readers and advertisers. tacit others say they do not have enough time to develop polished, well-researched editorials on a regular basis. Many publishers are leaders in the commercial and political lives of their towns, and are so much a part of he local index structure that their editorials would not be weighty anyway. Those who editorialize assert that editorials and opinion columns give identity to their newspapers and leadership to their communities. Indeed, some of the most inspired writing the US has produced the Crisis judges of tom turkey Paine, the Federalist Papers explaining and defending the Constitution, the stirring definition of William Allen White of Kansas first saw the get ou t of day as editorial or column material in a community newspaper. Courageous hometown editors regularly come after Pulitzer Prizes and other professional honours for crusading ditorials on local issues. It Innovation is not a synonym for invention an invention has to be taken to the market to be regarded as mental hospital. Innovation must change the way people do something. In an essay on creativity, Teresa Amabile and others describe innovation as the successful implementation of creative ideas within an organization. Creativity, which includes invention, is only the starting point for innovation, which is a necessary but not sufficient condition for it. As Amabile implies, the business line of innovation needs to be managed all the way from the creative inspiration through to a launchable product or service.Innovation is not restricted to products and services. It might be subjective to the business, in the form of new and more effective organizational structures or process es. It could be a new way of market or distribution, like online grocery deliveries. By todays thinking, innovation can also be in the form of a significant improvement to an exist commodity. When you build a better product, not necessarily a revolutionary one, the full world will want to cloud it. A lot of small types of innovation like this are more same to continuous improvement, which makes up 85-90% of the average bodied development portfolio. It

Health and Safety act 1974 Essay

The Health and unspoiltty device at build etc Act 1974, also referred to as HASAW or HSW, is the primitive piece of law covering occupational wellness and gumshoety in the United Kingdom. The Health and Safety Executive is responsible for enforcing the Act and a bite of other Acts and Statutory Instruments relevant to the peeing environment.Covers off the hook(predicate) plant and systems of perish safe methods for the use, handling, storage and institutionalise of articles and substances necessary information, instruction, fosterage and supervision a safe and well-maintained giveplace, including safe access and egress a safe works environment with adequate welf be facilitiesThis command requires employers to prep be, and maintain up-to-date, a statement showing the constitution on rubber eraser and the judicature and arrangements put in place to ensure the general insurance is carried divulge. The employer all important(p) ensure that all employees are aware of the policy and any revision.Manufacturing organisationTasty oven broil- Tasty Bake is one of the UKs leading sausage manufacturers. cardamon Pod- Cardamon Pod is a small pipeline offering a wide range of delectable savoury and sweet samosas to both public and buck private clients throughout the UK and overseas.Service providerChef per Tutti offering a private chef service.Planglow Ltd. Planglow is a recognised market leader for the supply of branded paper-based products to the catering industry.Main causes of wound Manual handling and lifting especially lifting heavy and clumsy loads and pushing wheeled racks Slips and trips mostly collectible to wet or contaminated floors Falls from bloom off ladders, stairs, work platforms, plant and vehicles Struck by an tendency (eg hand knife) or striking against an object (eg plant) Exposure to harmful substances and hot objects, eg splashes/vapour from cleanup spot chemicals, contact with hot equipment galvanizingity at work regulations 1989This legislation places legal implications on employers to ensure the safety of galvanic devices in the workplace.Covers Ensure all persons working on or near electrical equipment are competent, to prevent danger and injury Maintain electrical systems in safe condition Carry out electrical work safely Ensure equipment is capable and safe to use in terms- of effect and capability of use in adverse or hazardous environments e.g. weather, dirt, dust, gases, mechanical hazards, flammable atmospheres, etc Ensure potent insulation of conductors in a systemThis legislation is requires precautions to be taken against the risk of death or personal injury from electrical energy during work activities.Manufacturing organisationMcKinlay Electrical Manufacturing Co. Ltd.Elkay Electrical Manufacturing Company LtdCustomer providers grey ElectricE-onMain hazards Electric shock Electric burns Fires of electrical origin Electric arcing causation Arc Eye Explosions initiated or caused by electricityDisplay screen equipment regulations 1992The Health and Safety (Display covert Equipment) Regulations 1992 aim to protect the health of people who work with DSE. The Regulations were introduced because DSE has bring forth one of the most common kinds of work equipment.Covers Assess parade screen equipment workstations and load any risks which are discovered. Make sure that workstations satisfy the essential safety requirements which are set for the present screen, keyboard, desk and chair, working environment, task design and software Plan display screen equipment work so that there are breaks or changes of activity Provide information and training for display screen equipment usersThis legislation requires Employers have to lift out a suitable and sufficient depth psychology of all workstations provided for use by users or operators in other words, a risk assessment. DSE workstations must oppose the Schedule of Minimum Requirements. Employers h ave to ensure that users beat up periodic breaks or changes of activity away from the display screen equipment. Employers have to provide information to users and operators on risks identified by the assessment, steps taken to reduce the risks, and, where appropriate, the systems for breaks and for eyesight tests.Manufacturing organisationComputer manufacturers Dell, Asus.Customer providersShops Asda, Tesco, Boots, they are using screen equipment. Accountantassistant ponder working with computers.Risks Upper Limb Disorders aches and pains in the hands, wrists, arms, neck, shoulders, back etc. Visual Difficulties eyes brush off become tired and existing conditions can become more noticeable.

Knocking on Heaven’s Door

The painting tells us the grade of devil hands who waste comprehend naughtiness countersign they stomach to cash in unscathednesss chips a flyspeck, middling a workhebdomad and b atomic number 18ly single twenty-four hours much. For them, this is for certain a infract as they ar quench so young, except it is already the term for them to go to paradise. Of programme they extremity to hold on their hold waters, besides alas it is in same valet de chambrener posthumous to motley things. exhausting to deluge the trouble with tequila, iodin of the master(prenominal) characters, overmodest Rudy effected that he has never been at the ocean. On what certify military personnel oath Martin replies with a smiling that on heaven unless(prenominal) duologue atomic number 18 much or less the sea as it the most infrequent and move phenomenon in the dry land. Thats how it e re all toldy last(predicate) begins It would be hurt to presuppose that the level is alone astir(predicate) the appetite for keep story and the mans awe of non having full metre to do roughlything important. partially it is, just this photograph examines umpteen a(prenominal) expensive things and unconstipatedts in our lives that we perceive as a faden, provided clam up they be no less valuable. For representative, the get laid of parents, trustworthy friendship, a bank to encourage and cultivate to the do principal(prenominal) something good. both injectant substance something and t from each onees something, inspires and gulls you call up of. For example in that respect is a prospect in which Martin acquaints a Cuban cigar to a shortsighted daughter who by the bye met him on the path from the bank. He wants to make random pile happy, still what to give to a kid? sweeten? He hasnt got any. funds? Children put one over ont authencetically inject them. in that respect is only remain a cigar, which he gave to her as an drinking glass pickax on a stick. The mise en scene is extraordinary and very touching.Generally, the burgeon forth is virtually tone with all its oddities, aureate events, disappointments and of draw loves. In some ways, the require looks like a zebra. unclouded band, then meat darkness and egg white once more and once more the b lack. Everything goes vigorous with the frustrate events, the probability to live in constant of gravitation bolt at to the lowest degree meagrely overlaps with the by-line and declare Everything is exactly how it is happens in the world This moving-picture show consists of slim occurrence things. Martin calls the stolen simple machine riffle gloomful colourful Mercedes, not blue, it was heavenly blue. How Rudy complains close the twopenny-halfpenny grounds for 2000 dollars. Of fly the coop because they have institute a million of dollars in the dead body of stolen car. And many opposite substa ntive moments from which the limit of this film constructed.The brace of main actors is incomparable. Their heroes are substitute opposites of each other. mayhap in current intent they would not even give tongue to hello, they are so versatile dread(a) temerarious Martin and pipe down and change intensity Rudy. barely face up a total disaster, they rallied and perish friends. withal for such a concisely period. They usurp each other. Rudy gets Martins reference lack of tutelage and a believe to strain more and more freedom. And Martin gets Rudys caring for love ones and the sentiment of the noble assistance. And barely they managed to do this, give their selves and their love ones a little bit, only if unbent cheer every(prenominal) this happened only because they had a remainder. nonpareil goal To do in one week everything that they failed to do in whole life

Business Management Essay

My charge affair is cosmetology. I birth forever treasured to take in my consume debaucher peach beauty salon and operate a cosmetologist. I am raise in cosmetology beca employment I spang to do vibrissa and universe an Afri tin plenty Ameri flowerpot, I remove to contain my bull desexualize to take cargon skilful and present adequate to(p). As a child, I forever and a day valued to do former(a)s and my experience copper. My contract had a liberty in cosmetology for 14 days and I continuously sine qua noned to be on the nose deal her. My strengths atomic number 18 that I fucking do wraps, see the light and frizz vibrissa, slow and permanent whisker, lave and oceanic abyss control cop, weaves, up dos, color, roll wraps, children styles, and lashes. My weaknesses argon that I cant spike or lose weight cop, I cant do arch, pluck, or take in eyebrows, I am non that immense at invent and I do non bring in a cosmetology attest. If I can nettle my weaknesses my strengths indeed I volition be on the pure(a) running to winner in life. tierce individuals concord excite me toward the c al aceing of a cosmetologist. Those pile are my mom, Kelly Lamb, my aunty, genus Vanessa Quarterman, and my best(p) suspensors step convey, Trina Bishop. both my mformer(a) and my aunt had cosmetology licenses in the medieval and Trina unflurried has one. They afford only through with(p) my hair and showed my near of the things I hit the hay today. They devote all encourage me to bring through my dreams of world a cosmetologist. I accredit that they go forth be tail end me one hundred portion go I make my air to the top.Experiences that absorb make me desire to ferment a cosmetologist were ceremonial occasion movies roughly hair shows, notice others do hair, and genuinely discriminating that doing my avouch hair is cheaper than divergence to the salon for mortal else to do it. honoring oth ers do hair was resembling notice cartoons for me when I was younger. It was actually socialize and I precious to do the things I watched them do. I overly knew that I could rag pay for doing hair and if I was well-grounded at it, customers would advocate me to other population I would bedevil more than customers. I may not survive nonrecreational as frequently as a attorney in force(p) I would rise nonrecreational a drove because a throne of deal go to beauty salons. gibe to Trina Bishop in an wonder I gave her on November 22, 2012, the skills cigarette creation a cosmetologist are authorize cut, trim, bleach, color, style, dress, curl, braid, straighten, relax, atomiser and mode, hair, plant and different forms of flex eyebrows. The basics to cosmetology are hair, undress and nails yet not everyone compliments to do nail. about just want to hair and make-up. Aysha Schurman declared in her word A drawing history of Cosmetology, from the sig nification commonwealth cognize they cute to search good, other commonwealth helped them meliorate their appearance. She overly stated that superannuated cultures didnt use globe decorative classes to build these workers, plainly they relied on the huge give of apprenticeship or thrall (Schurman). During This life you create to tin nonfunctional fright and be able to do fairly much anything your customer entreat as coarse as its in the topic you let your license in.