Environmental Studies Class Journal Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Environmental Studies Class Journal - Case Study Example It would be helpful if we could shut down some of the less efficient plants, even if we can't close all of them. Natural gas is one of the state's largest source of energy and only 10% of the state's energy comes from renewables, mostly geothermals followed by biomass, wind, and solar. Economic analyses are decision-making tools for energy projects and techniques to choose among a number of different options. They do not include the benefit to the environment, the benefit to society, or whether you're being a good neighbor. Objectives for this unit are to understand that these analyses can range from simple to complex, be able to review and understand assumptions, be familiar with the limits, and be able to run through example calculations. Types of economic analyses include rough order of magnitude estimates for budget purposes (ROM), Simple payback, and Internal rate of return (IRR). These are used both on new building projects and retrofits. Investment decision types involved in a nalyses include to accept or reject a single project or system operation, to select an optimal efficiency level for a building system, select an optimal system type from competing alternatives, select an optimal combination of interdependent systems, and/or rank competing projects to allocate a limited budget. Assumptions are everything. They define the project and state the objectives, they establish first cost, cost of energy, cost of labor and materials, cost of maintenance, cost of money, tax credits, and inflation. You need to know where they came from, which ones are solid as compared to guesses, and how to adjust when solid numbers are available. To get an idea of how to do this, we looked at the simple payback analysis. The equation is simple payback (in years) = cost divided by savings where the cost is the cost of the project in dollars and the savings are annual energy savings in dollars. In comparing options, you subtract the cost of one benefit over the other. For cost, you should list the assumptions and the sources you used to reach that number, then use the cost difference between the different options. Do the same thing for savings, convert all units to dollars per year. We looked at a refrigerator analysis as an example in which the simple payback was about one and a half years. Then we looked at the example of a water heater which included more complex variables. These two examples really helped demonstrate the important role played by the assumptions that effects the overall solution. The example with the compact fluorescent bulbs showed how to use the spreadsheet program to help us work out the details and allows us to change the variables when we need to, for example if an assumption has changed. After the break, we looked at an online tool that would do these analyses which showed why it's important for us to be able to check these figures for ourselves and then moved on to talk about energy action plans. The second half of class looked at an energy action plan. This was accomplished by looking at the specific example of Stanford University. He talked about the importance of knowing the location, getting management interested, getting the users involved, the maintenance people involved, and performing the energy audit from a variety of perspectives. Things that were important in this section were involving maintenance, the design team, the issue of capital improvement, non-stop measurement,

Dispersed Team Dynamics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dispersed Team Dynamics - Term Paper Example It may be good for dispersed teams to hire external consultants to develop improved leadership in the virtual team environment. Such consultants are likely well aware of the digital technologies rather than face to face communication and team building methods to promote virtual team leadership. Buono (2004, p.144) reflects that the team leader can use the consultant’s expertise and experience to foster knowledge/information sharing in the workgroup environment. It is evident that the use of advanced technologies and hiring of external management consultants would incur additional costs for organizations. In case of digital communication networks and other technologies, the organization needs to spend further for maintenance and updation purposes, and this situation may increase the overall operating costs of the business. In addition, the company may have to raise additional funds to finance face to face orientation meetings and other workshop programs designed to improve inte rpersonal communication among the team members. Although the virtual team development requires such additional investments, this initial spending would benefit organizations to improve the performance efficiency of teams and to increase the operating revenues in the long run. To be more specific, when mutual trust and communicative relationships are improved in the virtual team environment, the team members tend to engage more actively in their work tasks, and this situation may increase the overall employee productivity.

Global Recession: US Responses

Global Recession: US Responses LCB/2356 Explain the predictions that the OECD have made concerning the US economy, making sure that you define the terms â€Å"Budget Deficit† and â€Å"Debt† in your solution. A budget deficit is when the nations is spending more then their revenue received. This would mean that expenditure exceeds tax revenue resulting to a budget deficit. The term â€Å"Budget Deficit† is usually used to refer the government expenditure rather than businesses. A debt is an amount of money that is owed to another person or organizations. A debt is usually repaid after a certain amount of time given or when is able too depending on the situation. A debt is a method that is used for some corporation or businesses for making a large purchase of something that they cant afford. The prediction made by the OECD with the budget deficit of 2011 being tacked at 10% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the American debt increasing to 101.1% of GDP. This helps prove the fact that the American government is spending way more than its actually receiving in revenue. This would also help us assume that the American government is putting into effect on the fiscal policy which means that the government increases their spending and decreases taxation. This would lead to budget deficit as expenditure surpasses revenue. There are two schools of thought on how the US government should deal with its current economic problems Deficit Reduction As for the Greek and Irish Governments, Deficit reduction entails a fiscal policy where it decrease the governments spending and increases the taxation rates in order to increase revenue. The objective of a deficit reduction is to make sure that the revenue that the nation is getting are greater than the expenditure that they are doing. Therefore reducing the deficit and possibly bringing about a surplus in budget. A budget surplus would help the nation pay its debts therefore giving the government a capable of developing without having have to repay theirs debts in long term which will also ease up the political tensions with other nations economically. Contractionary fiscal policy, while the budget deficit is reduced and also decreasing the national’s debt, it also has a lot of disadvantages to it. As it decreases the expenditure, aggregate demand would decrease because it is Consumption + Investment + government Spending + (Export – Imports) (C+I+G+(X-M). As increasing the taxes it would reduce the aggregate demand therefore it may cause disincentives to work therefore it would affect the productivity, However this would not effect is the income is really high and balances out with the higher tax. As the government’s spending decreases this would also lead to increase in unemployment which would lead to decrease in consumption because there is no money to be spent by the general population. As shown in the graph above of a contractionary fiscal policy. The decrease in the amount of government spending, G in C+I+G+(X-M) leads to the Aggregate Demand Curve shifting inwards from the AD to AD1. Therefore this will decrease the price level which is an indication of inflation in the economy as shown from PL to PL1. This would also lead to the Real Domestic Output to be decrease from RDO to RDO1. We have to consider the long term affects of Contractionary Fiscal Policy that while it allows a decrease in debt, decrease in spending and increased revenue which reduces the budget deficit. The problem that arises from this as unemployment and decrease in government spending will result in low economic growth and giving it slow progression. Fiscal Stimulus and Progressive Taxation Another school of thought regarding the plan of action to deal with the ongoing American economic crisis is to implement a Keynesian stimulus package with the reform of the tax system in order to make it more progressive. A Keynesian stimulus package is when the government puts in more money in the economy in order the strengthen the economy and preventing a recession by boosting employment and spending, this is also known as a expansionary fiscal policy. A Expansionary Fiscal Policy seeks to expand the money supply in order to have a higher economic growth. The long term effects of expansionary fiscal policy would also have to be considered, Constant economic growth, more job employments, and also more consumption which helps with the economy. However, As the economic grows the inflation rates does too, it also leads to an increase of budget deficit as the expenditure is higher than the revenue gained and increasing the debt that the government would borrow, which eventually would h ave to be repaid. Therefore as for the government to spend more they would have to increase the taxation to balance out the revenue and expenditure. A progressive tax system is when the taxable base amount increase, the tax rates would too. This refers to the more money the person or the organizations makes, the more tax they are charged and the less they are making the less tax they would have to pay. This aims to allow the lower tax payers to be able to keep more money in order for them to continue consuming while increasing the tax revenue. However, people in the higher tax bracket would find this unfair because they would rather everyone pay the same amount therefore implementing this system would make it hard. One of the main goal of the progressive income tax is to make it a tool for redistributing income from the upper class to the lower and middle class, this would help keep the income gap from growing between the rich and the poor. It would also give more revenue to the government because they are collecting more money from the higher incomer earners. This is make the government collect more money from the tax payers rat her than if everyone had to pay the same amount or percentage. As a result, this would help the government develop or provide more programs and services that benefit the society. However progressive tax system also has some disadvantages for it, One would be that some businesses would be discouraged to expand or invest as additional profit is taxed at higher prices. It would also make people feel discrimination as I said before the higher tax earners would see it unfair to them because this system doesn’t promote equality amongst individuals. As shown in the graph above, Its showing the effects of the expansionary fiscal policy, when the government spendings are increased leading to an increase in aggregate demand from AD to AD1 as G in C+I+G+(X-M) making the Aggregate Damand curve to shift inwards. This would also mean that the increase in Price Level, Which is from PL to PL1 and an increase in Real Domestic Output, Which is from RDO to RDO1. Explain in broad terms the background to the â€Å"Credit Crunch† and how this impacted on the real economies of both the USA and the UK The â€Å"Credit Crunch† also known as the financial crisis of 2007 to 2008 is the worst global financial crisis since the â€Å"Great Depression† of the 1930s with its after effects still being considered still as shown by the Euro Crisis. There may be a number of reasons which may include of the credit crunch but its not limited to; the burst of the housing bubble in America, Lack of banking regulation, however the biggest cause would be the encouraged risk of taking from years of stable economic growth and low inflation rates which makes the borrowing and purchasing of bad securities and properties. The housing bubble of America started earlier in 2006 as the house prices were all risen up more than 100%, this is beause of the ease of attaining mortgages at that time. This led to people deciding to take loan and acquire additional property in order to take advantage of the higher value in properties, in other words to buy and resell properties to make a profit. Regardless of that, people in the end are not able to pay their loans because of predatory lending, which is when the loans are advertised at a low interest rate but are switch out to adjustable rate mortgages where the interest charged would be higher amount of the interest paid. This then led to people having have to lose their properties and also leading to a huge decrease in property prices. Therefore this would lead up to a liquidity issue however banks had no liquid assests and leading to the decline and eventually bankruptcy of many banks. The collapse of the mortgage repayment was considered the start of the financial crisis. Another reason would be that the lack of financial regulation and supervision of financial institution who were involved in the risky investments, excessive borrowing and lack of transparency. The borrowing of money made by many banks in order to invest in their project usually ended up being a failure resulting of the bank investing on something that they cant make profit off therefore giving them the inability to repay their debts. The fact that this happened in a very large scale in cooperating many different banks linking each other, it led to the bankruptcy of both borrowers and lenders giving them no more or insufficient money to function. References http://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/expansionary_policy.asp (Accessed 20.11.14 [Online]) http://www.econport.org/content/handbook/ADandS/AD/Shift.html (Accessed 20.11.14 [Online]) http://www.sparknotes.com/economics/macro/aggregatedemand/section1.rhtml (Accessed 20.11.14 [Online]) http://www.ehow.com/info_7742308_pros-cons-budget-deficit.html (Accessed 20.11.14 [Online]) http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/stimulus-package.asp (Accessed 22.11.14 [Online]) http://www.economicshelp.org/macroeconomics/fiscal-policy/fiscal_policy_criticism/ (Accessed 22.11.14 [Online]) http://hubpages.com/hub/Flat-Tax-vs-Progressive-Tax-Pros-and-Cons-for-the-US (Accessed 23.11.14 [Online]) http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/progressive-tax-system-definition-pros-cons.html (Accessed 23.11.14 [Online]) http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/creditcrunch.asp (Accessed 26.11.14 [Online]) http://www.investopedia.com/university/credit-crisis/credit-crisis4.asp (Accessed 26.11.14 [Online])

Biographical Narrative based on the video Fatal Game :: essays papers

Biographical Narrative based on the video 8216Fatal Game8217 Arising lethargic and groggy after their sleepless night at camp six, Mark Whetu and Mike Rheinberger were slow to dress, melt ice, and get out of the tent at three o’clock in the morning. They should have left at one at the latest but the wind was too gusty. Unfortunately, by the time they loaded their backpacks, strapped on their crampons and were ready to leave, it was three thirty. Mark, an experienced climber knew they wouldn’t summit before one p.m. but he had only been hired as a guide for Rheinberger, who, after seven tries at Mount Everest had still not been able to summit. For Rheinberger, descent was totally unacceptable. Too much labour, too many sleepless nights, and too many dreams had been invested to not summit. He couldn’t come back for another try next weekend. To go down now, would have raised one big question: what might have been? Mark was in front of Rheinberger and was growing impatient with his dismal pace. Ahead of them Mark spotted another team, returning unsuccessful from their summit attempt. As the other team passed, they chatted a little. It wasn’t until then that Mark realised how late it was. Twelve thirty. They were more than four hours from the summit, if they hurried. Rheinberger was not quitting now. Mark decided not to argue and the duo continued their ascent. At five thirty, when the light was slowly fading, they were so close to the summit. Rheinberger was quickening his pace now as he knew victory was in his grasp. At six o’clock, Rheinberger had finally accomplished what he been previously unable to do for the last ten years. But even in this moment of triumph, he was weakening with every oxygen-deprived breath. Down to one knee, watching the sun disappear, he looked like this was what he was sent to earth to do. Alarm soon hit them both, as when they were only meters from the top the light disappeared altogether. â€Å"We’ll bevy.† Suggested Rheinberger. â€Å"It’s the only thing we can do.† ‘Unfortunately he was right.’ Thought Mark. And so, they bedded down for the night in the death zone. A height where the body is dying – starved, from life giving oxygen.

Hocheng Philippines Corporation Essay

Hocheng Philippines Corporation has been well-known for their finest creations of bathroom fixtures and accessories. It has acquired latest high-tech machineries and equipped workforce to provide high-quality porcelain products which is considered to be their main priority. Most of their production relies on these machineries that might result to interruption if there will be some technical problems experienced. Back up plan should be established to at least avoid delay in production. Safety in workplace is essential and should not be neglected by the management. There is a Violation Receipt which is intended for strict compliance with the rules regarding proper attire for safety. Someone noticed to be in violation will be reprimanded. Though, while exploring all the sides of the plant, I saw employees not in their uniforms, only wearing shorts and are topless which maybe is permissible to the management since these specific employees are under casting process. On the other hand, I noticed that there are a lot of ceiling fans that help in fast drying of the clays molded/ceramics that make much of the dust spread in air around the place which requires wearing of masks whenever in the workplace, but none of them wears one. This could be a huge risk in their health. The company must provide a strong policy regarding the implementation of wearing mask every time they are exposed to dust, come up with an excellent way to oblige employees in obeying with the plant instructions for worker protection and inform them about the hazards. Furthermore, there is only a little supervision from the management to its employees in actual testing of the outputs. One of them disclosed that before packing, testing the ‘flush’ should be made, but this is sometimes made randomly, and not for the entire units. There should be someone responsible for ensuring that all products went under testing and that all the employees are doing their jobs, most especially for those employees sleeping during lunch breaks. Someone must be roaming around, to check if none of them does that during work hours. Good thing about the production process is that it is well automated which minimizes human intervention and speeds up the process. But its huge reliance to machines results to possible delay in production if even just one part of it fails to function properly. If the machine crashes or experiences some technical problems, the production will be in halt. Thus, back up equipment or plan should be prepared by the management in case this happens. Sanitation and freshness were well-emphasized by the company. Of course, those are essential and of a great deal to their consumers. As a matter of fact, it was shown in the video that the pans used in baking are regularly and intensively cleaned and how these are cleaned but none was indicated about cleaning the machines used. Dough is not only placed on the pans, these also touch other parts of equipment before reaching the packaging section. It is impossible that these machines will never be subject to dirt, even if it is in a closed area. Therefore, they should find a way to maintain these machines sanitized, cleaning them regularly as possible without affecting the time allotted for the production. Upon observing in a short span of time, though in a limited view, a huge bulk of dough came into my attention. It was at the floor. I have no idea regarding the plan for that filthy dough but most probably, it is not going near our mouth. Hence, it should be segregated to a separate container, clearly emphasizing that it is no longer to be used for production to ensure that confusion will be avoided and that there is no chance of accidentally including it to clean ones. Strength Hocheng Philippines Corporation has been well-known for their finest creations of bathroom fixtures and accessories. It has acquired latest high-tech machineries and equipped workforce to provide high-quality porcelain products which is considered to be their main priority. As what one of the employees said, â€Å"We do not let our product even with just a small slight crack reach our customers. † In fact, all processes have TQC (Total Quality Control). There is QA (Quality Assurance) every month, like an auditing to randomly check if quality requirements are met to have quality-products. It serves as systematic requirement, a comparison with a standard. In addition to this, every certain period, there is four-hour training for skills development of the current employees. Kanban System is implemented in the company. It is a scheduling system for lean and JIT (Just-in-time) production, which has been proven to be a great way for improvement in the entire production. And, there is automation in maintaining/monitoring inventory. To simplify and speed up in updating the inventory level, the company uses barcode. However, for those items that are broken or defective, updating in inventory system is done manually and it is handled by three people, eliminating the possibility of having false information regarding these outputs. HCG uses Proximity scan (through ID) in entering the plant. This improves efficiency and reduces the possibility of deception. Furthermore, check list of materials to be used for casting is prepared by an immediate supervisor and if the materials prepared are found out to be insufficient, the employees themselves will approach a person in charge to have material requisition. Also, there is move ticket to authorize every time there will be transferring of materials. Almost stages in the whole system require documentation. Even for those items that are to be disposed, are being accompanied by appropriate records which help in audit trail purposes.

File Processing Commands

What UID and PID have the highest amount of physical memory a process has used and is not swapped out? Show all processes and full output. †¢ top press f press d press p You'll will find cpu usage in descending order for all processes. †¢If using a long listing and no process modifiers, what is the swap space amount for the bash command? †¢ top -p pidof_bash After typing the above command press A (Capital a). You will see the below output. 1 PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 2021 xyz 20 0 XXXXX XXXX 1664 S 0 0. 2 0:00. 43 bash PID PPID TIME+ %CPU %MEM PR NI S VIRT SWAP RES UID COMMAND 2021 2019 0:00. 43 0 0. 2 20 0 S 22132 16m 4952 1000 bash 3 PID %MEM VIRT SWAP RES CODE DATA SHR nFLT nDRT S PR NI %CPU COMMAND 2021 0. 2 22132 16m 4952 XXX XXXX X664 1 0 S 20 0 0 bash4 PID PPID UID USER RUSER TTY TIME+ %CPU %MEM S COMMAND 2021 2019 1000 xyz xyz pts/0 0:00. 43 0 0. 2 S bash Above you can see the swap space. You can also try top -p pidofbash press f pre ss p press enter You'll see the swap space too. †¢When using top command, what command would you use to kill a process? †¢ Press k to kill a process If you were not using top command, what command would you use to kill a process? kill processid killall processname †¢What command would you use to manually mount the standard CD-ROM device /dev/db1 at /media/disk? mount /dev/db1 /media/disk †¢What command would you use to display the amount of available disk space on /dev/db1 in a human readable form? df -h /dev/db1 †¢Type in the command grep – – help to access the help manual. Using this information and the information from the text, how would you write a command to find the pattern 111 in a file called myfile. txt? grep -irna â€Å"111† myfile. txt

Postponing Pregnancy Essay Example

Postponing Pregnancy Essay Example Postponing Pregnancy Essay Postponing Pregnancy Essay What are some of the drawbacks of postponing pregnancy? What are some of the benefits? Identify at least three of each and explain. There are many disadvantages and advantages of waiting to have children. Many couples take the time to complete their education and establish a secure career path. Working for several years may generate financial security that Is needed when providing for a family. With age, hopefully, comes wisdom and maturity that can be beneficial In raising children. Many older couples postpone families to travel and experience risks and opportunities they may otherwise not have when having to raise a family. By waiting It gives you and your spouse time to build a strong foundation for your children. The disadvantages of waiting Is (l use me as an example) you might have waited to long. Right now, I was Just released from the hospital on Sunday I am 35 and I was Just diagnosed with CHEF (congested heart failure) and was told that my lungs are very weak. Had 1 miscarriage at the age of 28 my body couldnt hold the baby and was recently told that I will never be able to give birth to a child because my heart can not bear it I would probably have a heart attack while giving birth because of the stress your heart is under. Now I wish I wouldnt have waited because I have always wanted children. There are many drawbacks of postponing pregnancy for women and men. While not everyone will experience these drawbacks, many do. There are many physiological risks in delayed pregnancy. The peak opportunity for women to normally get pregnant is in their early to mid twenties. The older a women is, the chance of fertilization decreases. A males sperm is affected by age, as well, increasing the risk of unsuccessful fertilization, Also, the quality of a womans egg decrease as she gets older and the risk of birth defects in delayed pregnancy increases. An older pregnant woman is at a higher risk of miscarriage, octopi pregnancy, fetal death, and health risks of her own such as diabetes and hypertension. Emotionally, an older mother and/or father may not have the stamina, energy, or patience needed in the demands of raising a child. The older you are, the greater risk that you will not live to see the child Into advanced or even early adulthood. Another drawback is the reduced number of children a couple will have the older they are before they start a family. This has an impact in society as a reduction In family size means less people In the true for the workforce. SOC-220, Lecture 7) There can be many benefits, as well, In delaying creating a family. Many couples take the time to complete their education and establish a secure career path. Working for several years may generate financial security that Is needed when providing for a family. With age, hopefully, comes wisdom and maturity that can be beneficial In Ralston children. Many older couples postpone families to travel and experience risks and opportunities they may otherwise not have when having to raise a family. Personally, I chose to get my doctor f chiropractic degree before getting married and having a family. This decision worked for me. However, I feel that a couple needs to weigh the pros and cons together an decide what is the best for them when starting a family. Pregnancy include thought-through pregnancies where mothers are in stable relationships, another is that its more health conscious, plan to contribute positively to society through example and the birth of their child,inspiration for research and new treatments,contribution to education and social capital and example of respect for diversity and differences these would be considered. Is said that Higher amounts of educated women over age 35 giving birth means that they are making a positive contribution to society and the economy on a number of levels through their delayed pregnancy and the birth of their child education, innovation, health, financial, and as social or human capital. Now for the disadvantages which are: unexpected pregnancy for example, an older woman may also fall pregnant unexpectedly similar to younger women, or when in menopause which is usually considered an unlikely time to conceive. There disadvantages such as older health sues, lost independence and community-support are also on the list of the cons(Medici,2014). Anythings? Q 7-2 What are some of the challenges facing a blended family? Some of the challenges facing a blended family are that it happens to be a very critical situation to deal with. They, the family, have to all learn to get a long with each other and except everyone for whom they are. The most serious thing to worry about is that the stepparents could abuse their stepchildren, especially sexually. The children have to learn how to like and accept their stepparents as another parent of heir very own. They must learn how to respect them. The kids will have to take awhile to get use to their other stepbrothers and stepsisters ways. The children will have a hard time calling their step mom, mom, and their stepfather, dad. It will be a very awkward situation since they already have a real mom and dad. Their stepparents can never replace their real parents, and they, the stepchildren, have to get the full understanding of that idea at least some point of time with their new family arrangements. There are many challenges that face blended families. I come from a difficult past in hat both my parents were married and divorced and I was a bastard child. My mom got married and I was then adopted by my step dad. My biological father married multiple times adding brothers and sisters of mine with each spouse. What can easily be noted by this is that blended family life is complex to say the least. It takes a lot of patience, love, and kindness to make it through some tough situations. In the past 10 years, however, my entire family has come to know the Lord and many relationships have been healed. A blended family is not a recipe for disaster, but I do live it takes more work and more patience then a family that is formed and maintained in the way in which Christ intended. Those who are not blended correctly, challenges may arise. Some challenges that blended families go through are children accepting the new parent, the new parent displaying favoritism over their biological children versus the step-children; and one of the biggest issues Ive seen is when the biological parent thats on the outside and the step-parent have conflict. Many times families are faces with such issues and do not know how to handle things properly. I believe that it takes very mature adults to make a blended family successful. The two biological parents should have a discussion with each other first to figure out a plan of action to make blending go smoothly. After they agree on how, they should approach the child first with the new scenario. All step-parents and biological parents should be included in decision making in regard to the children. Although they are not biological, the children will still be being raised under the step-parents care, therefore that person should be on the same page of parenting as the biological parents.

If Only Writers Put the Word Only in the Right Place

If Only Writers Put the Word Only in the Right Place Read the following two sentences quickly. They mean the same thing, right? Now go back down and read them again, more carefully this time.Susan only submitted the manuscript of her novel to three literary agencies.Susan submitted the manuscript of her novel to only three literary agencies.Ever hear of a misplaced modifier? The term encompasses many possible grammatical errors, but essentially, a misplaced modifier is a descriptive word or phrase that is not placed next to the noun or other word it modifies, thereby creating either awkwardness in reading or incorrect syntax, or both. In this article, Im going to briefly tell you about one of the most common examples, one that is a pet peeve of mine and of copy editors everywhere: the use and misuse of the simple word only.This is one of those grammar rules that most people (including yours truly) very often dont follow in speech or in informal writing. In speech, the incorrect usage is probably even more common than the correct usage: ask yourself if, when speaking, you would be more likely to say the first sentence or the second sentence above. The first, right? Be honest, now. For this reason, it is an error that needs editing in every single manuscript that comes across my desk, even those by the most experienced and published authors. Too picky, you might say- but remember: formal, professional writing isnt the same as speech, and a construction that might not sound awkward in speech or look awkward in an e-mail isnt necessarily the most effective way to frame a sentence in fiction (or in any other formal writing). Being picky sometimes means being a professional.The sentences above, if you read them out loud, might have the same meaning to your ear. But a closer look on the page reveals that their meanings are vastly different. The most important thing to keep in mind when writing- after, you know, stuff such as spelling words correctly and creating an effective plot and characters- is to never confuse your readers. This doesnt mean you should never intentionally mislead the reader of your mystery novel into thinking the wrong person did it, or leave ambiguous the ending of your thriller in order to leave room for a sequel. It means that the meaning you are trying to convey within each word, each sentence, is never in question when you dont intend it to be. If it is, readers become distracted from the world of your book (or story, or essay), and youve lost their attention.The first sentence in my example, Susan only submitted the manuscript of her novel to three literary agencies, does not convey the authors intended meaning. Why? Because only precedes the word submitted, which is not the word it is meant to modify. As written, the sentence tells us that Susan did nothing but submit her manuscript to three literary agencies. She didnt submit it to publishers. She didnt enter it into writing contests. She didnt have it bound and engraved. (Dont do that, by the way, if youre planning to send your own manuscript to anyone.) In fact, if were reading the sentence very strictly, she didnt do anything else at all but submit. She didnt even get out of bed and brush her teeth that morning. She only submitted.Now look at the second sentence, Susan submitted the manuscript of her novel to only three literary agencies. Aha! Do you get the difference? Susan submitted to only three literary agencies. This construction leaves no room for doubt. She didnt submit to any fewer or any more agencies than three. Period. This construction is not only clearer, but it also emphasizes more strongly the sentences significance to whatever story its a part of: namely, that Susan didnt submit her manuscript to very many agencies. This simple rearrangement of words eliminates ambiguity and improves clarity and specificity.But its not only about clarity. After all, most people would probably understand what you meant if you wrote the first sentence. But isnt there something a little more eleg ant, a little more professional about the second sentence? If you agree, do this exercise. It wont take you long to complete it, and your computer will help. Go through your entire manuscript right now, and do a global search for the word only. Make sure, in each instance, it appears, that its in the proper place within the sentence. If not, fix it. Now was that so hard? And I guarantee that after doing this exercise, my little tip will stick in your mind, and the next work you write will use only correctly much more often. But since, as I said, its a mistake thats generally accepted in speech, its a mistake easily overlooked in writing. So always keep your eyes open for it.The proper placement of the word is not always as clear-cut as it is in my examples at the top, and there may be instances where moving only to immediately before or after the word it modifies makes your sentence read awkwardly. As always with grammar rules, use your judgment and tailor this one to your own work and to each sentence within that work. But if you ever see that the sentences clarity is in doubt, this is an easy way to eliminate that doubt while making your writing that much more professional and elegant.

ACT Test Security Protocols What to Expect

ACT Test Security Protocols What to Expect SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Standardized test materials must be kept under lock and key to ensure fairness and scoring accuracy during each administration. The ACT is no exception to this rule, and ACT Inc. has many regulations in place to prevent the distribution of confidential test questions to the public. In this article, I'll go through all of theACT test security rules, what security breaches have occurred in recent years, and what this means for students in general. Why Is ACT Test Security a Concern? It’s extremely important for ACT Inc. to ensure that the test materials are secure before, during and after each administration.In the event that someone acquires test materials before the exam, the integrity of that whole administration of the test is compromised.Students with prior knowledge of the test will earn artificially high scores and skew the curve, putting other students who didn’t cheat at a significant disadvantage.Breaches in test security also undermine the credibility of the testing organization and the validity of the test as a measure of academic ability. How Does ACT Inc. Ensure Test Security? There are a few ways in which ACT Inc. guards the integrity of exam materials. These regulations come into play before, during, and after each examination period. Security of Test Materials Before the Exam Access to test materials before test day is restricted to test coordinators who work for ACT Inc.School staff may assist in organizing the materials, but only if the test coordinator is also present and the staff member doesn’t have any relatives who will be testing during this administration.Anyone who assists with the test materials must be identified on the ACT State and District Testing Staff List.Anyone who may potentially take the ACT within the next 12 months is prohibited from gaining access to the test materials.Test materials can’t be transferred to or from another location without prior authorization by ACT Inc. Test coordinators are responsible for all testing materials from start to finish to prevent tampering by anyone at individual schools.The test coordinator checks all the packages of test booklets upon receipt at each school to ensure that none have been tampered with.The materials are also counted to ensure that there are no missing booklets or booklets with broken seals.The seals on all test booklets must remain intact until the examinee breaks them on test day.The carton of test booklets is then resealed by the test coordinator, locked away in a secure area, and only brought back out on the morning of the test. Test Center Conduct Test coordinators from ACT Inc. must hand the booklets directly to proctors on test day.Booklets are re-counted every time they change hands to make sure the number of booklets stays the same and the serial numbers are correct.Completed exams go directly back into the hands of the test coordinator and are stored in a secure area. Testing rooms are never left unattended even if there is only one student in the room, and students are prohibited from viewing sections of the test ahead of time or turning back to sections after time has already been called.No electronic devices that might be used to document the test content in any way are permitted in the testing room.Devices like smartphones should be turned off and stowed away under your desk/in your bag throughout the exam. Don't risk leaving your phone on. If it starts ringing in the middle of the test, you'll most likely be dismissed and have your scores canceled. Farewell, sweet prince (for a couple of hours, then it's back to checking my email every ten seconds). Recent Breaches in ACT Test Security In August of 2016, the ACT laid off its head of test security in response to a huge security breach that occurred on the last administration of the test.During the June 2016 administration of the test, the ACT canceled all sittings in Hong Kong and South Korea because of leaked test materials.The ACT plans to audit nearly 200 education centers after widespread cheating was discovered in ACT-owned college-prep programs for international students.Test prep companies in China and South Korea have also been administering the ACT to students, a practice which is prohibited by ACT Inc due to the obvious conflict of interests. There have been reports of widespread cheating in the ACT-owned Global Assessment Certificate program or GAC, which operates countries and has over 5,000 students and 197 centers (most of which are located in mainland China).Some students have reported that they were allowed to practice with materials that later showed up on the real exam.There have also been issues with test prep companies, particularly in East Asia, taking advantage of the ACT’s practice of reusing questions by harvesting questions from past exams so that students can practice with materials they may see on the test. ACT Inc. has plans to introduce a computerized version of the ACT for international students in 2017 to reduce the risk of materials being leaked ahead of time to students. The next step in ACT technology: Robotic test proctors with impossibly chiseled abs. What Do ACT Test Security Rules Mean for Students? It’s important to understand the consequences of sharing confidential test information, whether it happens before or after you take the test.Though tracing test security leaks is very difficult, their impact on you, the other students taking the test, and the integrity of the whole system is extremely negative. If test materials are leaked, lots of scores may be canceled, even those of students who never consulted the materials beforehand.Also, ACT Inc. won’t be able to use the questions they created ever again after they’ve been compromised.If test leaks occur and are not discovered, students will earn artificially high scores, skewing the curve lower for everyone else.Basically, if you hear about any test leaks, it’s in your best interests to report them to ACT Inc. and not to participate in the cheating. On test day, make sure you have a valid photo ID and your admission ticket with you so you can verify your identity. Bring a calculator that has been approved for use on the test. When you're taking the test, don't try to skip ahead to a section that hasn't started yet or go back to a section that has already passed. Don't discuss questions with other students during breaks, and keep your smartphone turned off and stowed away in your bag at all times. Violations of this kind could result in your scores being canceled! Also, don’t try to recreate test questions after you take the exam (this is something people have done on College Confidential fairly frequently).There’s a reason the ACT asks you not to talk about the specific materials you saw on the test. Sometimes those materials will be reused on future exams or slightly later international test dates.I know it’s hard not to talk about questions after the test, but you really shouldn't post them in online forums where people who haven’t taken the ACT yet might take advantage of them. Don't yell out the answers to ACT questions in the middle of the ruins of the Roman forum either. You never know who's listening. Although if they do listen to you for more than a couple seconds they're probably not of sound enough mind to do anything with what they hear. Summary: What You Need to Know About ACT TestSecurity ACT Inc. takes test security very seriously. If the questions are compromised, they can no longer be used, and many students' scores may become invalid. Many regulations are put in place to prevent question leaks both before and after each test is administered, but sometimes things still slip through the cracks. There have been several instances of question leaks and related cheating scandals just within the past few years. As a student, it's in your best interests to keep the questions confidential after the test and to report any signs of cheating. Test security violations don't just help the people who have advance knowledge - they actively hurt everyone else who takes the test fairly. What's Next? Check out this article for more details on the rules and regulations that inform test day procedure (and how to make sure you don't violate them). What exactly can you expect when you get to the test center? Read this guide to ACT test day so you can feel comfortable going into the experience. It's important to say something if your proctor makes a mistake or the test center environment is too distracting. Learn when and how to speak up in these situations. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

SUPPROTING DOCUMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SUPPROTING DOCUMENT - Essay Example My father shifted to Canada some time back and after that we encountered serious financial losses, so much so that he went bankrupt. After this, we had to give up all the luxuries of life and live on a literal hand to mouth approach. I went into a mental trauma and could not concentrate on my studies properly all this while. This resulted in my failing some courses as well. My parents also got separated at home due to bickering that was an on-going affair. I just could not concentrate on anything and studies for sure took a back seat in this whole equation. This asked me to pour in my best efforts towards the studies but the amount of tension, shock and awe I was in, nobody could ever understand. It was only when my father took me to the counselor of bankruptcy for English translation, as his English was not good that I came to know the magnitude of the whole problem. I was the co-signer in the bankruptcy statement. The severity hit me and my family and because of this our living was in doldrums. More than that, we had to endure a lot of physical and emotional pain at the hands of the whole situation which by this time had become unbearable for me, let alone my parents who were the direct recipients of this tragedy. In the meanwhile, I cleared language courses at school but just could not pass the psychology one. I have always had a soft corner and personal liking for this course and it is because of this that I am penning this letter to you in the first place. The reasons have been mentioned duly in this communication and I wish to apprise you of the same again here stating that all these things matter to me a lot and my physical and emotional self is hurt to the maximum and now is the time when I want to achieve something in life and for that to happen I want to get over with my tensions and worries once and for all. However, all said and done, these problems

Causes of Increase in Oil Prices in Last 36 Months Essay

Causes of Increase in Oil Prices in Last 36 Months - Essay Example Such circumstances encouraged speculators to adopt measures that would ensure they made sufficient money to meet future demand. Oil traders have started placing premiums on the prices of crude oil on the basis of instability and uncertainty in the Middle East, which has the largest oil reserves in the world. Moreover, the increasing internal disturbances in countries such as Libya, Iraq and Tunisia as well as the potential threats pertaining to disruption of crude oil production and transportation in this region and in Africa, have led to increase in oil prices. In view of these circumstances, speculators started bidding higher for oil, which again raised prices across the world. Governments of several oil producing countries have not been adopting efficient management practices that have adversely impacted the performance of the oil industry in these countries. For instance, oil producing nations such as Venezuela have been channeling their oil revenues into domestic politicking in order to continue holding on to power. The oil industry in Venezuela and other countries in the Caribbean region have been nationalized and are used by the respective governments to meet their political objectives. Revenues from the oil industry are used to finance social projects and to subsidize gasoline to citizens. Oil revenues are substantially misappropriated in meeting the costs of political agendas, which reduces oil available in the market and thus there is increase in prices. The PDVSA is the only oil company in Venezuela that is having complete stake in the country’s oil functions. In being owned by the state, its management complies with state mandates irrespective of the fact that the company’s long term revenues and profitability suffer a setback. These governments try to make more money out of the oil business by quoting oil prices at very high levels. In African countries such as Nigeria, the increasing activities of rebels and terrorists have deterred investors from investing in the oil industry (Flower, 2010). Such circumstances deprive the sector from employing advanced technology because of which high production levels cannot be achieved and the resultant short supply leads to higher prices. Increasing use of industrial and automobile equipments, especially in developing countries, has led to increased demand for oil. The law of demand and supply provides that the price of any commodity will increase if its demand increases at any given supply level. In view of political and economic circumstances oil producers are not increasing supply of oil adequately in keeping up with increasing demand. It is thus natural that oil prices will increase. In the last few years, the evolving patterns of industrialization and use of vehicles has led to advancement of production processes, which have led to increase in demand for oil. The global demand for crude oil is increasing steadily, particularly in India and China that are undergoing rap id industrialization and development processes (Gupta, 2005). The economies of China and India are slated to grow the maximum in the coming future and they have already started consuming much higher levels of oil in meeting their energy requirements. Increasing per capita incomes in China and India have considerably increased the demand for automobiles and more and more people now own their own cars (Reynolds, 2005). In view of the huge middle class in these two countries, which are the most populated countries in the world, it is apparent that the demand for oil will also increase substantially. The US is no longer the biggest oil consumer and cannot dominate the oil industry by demanding preferential oil prices for

Virtual Field Trip Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Virtual Field Trip - Essay Example Hence, the CSG seeks to empower leadership, collaboration, decision-making skills and social awareness. The Council of State Governments was founded in 1933. It was initiated by then Colorado Senator, Henry Toll. Besides the organizations’ functions in America, it fosters offices in the government’s territories in other countries such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. It is a non-partisan as well as a non-profit society supported by the respective states. Supplementary funds are also derived from different aids like contributions, registration fees, and grants. It currently maintains its headquarters in Kentucky. It is managed by the organization’s executive director. A governor functions as the President of the Council. He is aided by a member of a state of legislature who performs as the chairman. At present, CSG is headed by Jay Nixon, Missouri Governor. The chair is Gary Stevens, Alaska senator. In the absence of the chair, the chair-elect may perform his functions. Mark Norris, Tennessee Senate Majority Leader is the current chair-elect. The vice chair, Carl Marcelino, is the New York Senator. CSG’s website can indeed help individuals acquire more knowledge and discernment when it comes to politics and its systems. Firstly, the featured items are quite beneficial in nurturing insights as to the various leaders’ opinions, actions, and legislations. Other elements such as the military, economy, and geography are likewise being illustrated. The organization’s web page also features policies and research which can give ideas on how sociological and psychological findings affect rulings and plans towards societies’ improvements. Another page on the scheduled leaders and members’ meetings highlight schedules, addresses, topics, and minutes. This specifically shows how people in authority manage their time, resources, and power to be present and effective in a number of conferences. Their

Critical Response #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical Response #2 - Essay Example From the text, the Indians vow to fight for what was theirs. The war was fuelled by the fact that the white men had invaded their country and proceeded on to lay claim to their means of support. This invasion had brought with it some disadvantages and interferences in their daily lives. They had broken their mode of leaving and habits of their life. Furthermore, they had introduced diseases and decay among the Indians which significantly led to suffering as they did not have any natural immunity to resist the new diseases. Many of them thus succumbed to the diseases . Hence they grew with a mindset to ensure the resistance of the Indians at all cost. The whites new therefore they would not expect less considering what they had done to the natives. War was all they could expect in that society. Besides the need for war, there was also the demand for the freedom of the Indian Natives from the whites. They had been colonized and demanded their freedom. Answers to this pressing issues were only sought out through the use of the civil war that took a period of about thirty years. The Indians had been superior in military force to the whites. They had the advantage of shooting up to 30 arrows before a white man could loa d their gun and shoot again. Advancement in technology, however, changed this balance. The Indians were defeated leading to their slavery. Changes in the administration changed the way the people coexisted with the Indians being given the chance to own land. Even still the land was still small and most of it with Gold was taken over by the whites in the area. To earn their freedom, the Native Indians joined the Confederacy. The Gilded Age was an era punctuated by many evils in the society. This period is described as being in the late 19th century. Gangs and people took this opportunity to rule over people and do all the dirty trade deals. Corruption was at the time the highest and was still building. Those who had enough money had many avenues

Intellectual History Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Intellectual History - Term Paper Example One could call it the easiest way to explain natural processes. But it is also the only option available in order to interpret and articulate the world with limited knowledge, sophistication and maturity. In the eyes of the primitive humans, the natural phenomena such the setting of the sun, the changes in the season, the very wind that shakes the trees, and the rumble of thunder were beyond understanding. They were inexplicable, terrifying and spectacular all at the same time. By conceiving a metaphysical world, several mysteries were readily answered. The all powerful entity of god, for example, resolved the question of why man lives and dies, why the rain pours and why calamities strikes. Consider the many religious practices discovered as archaeologists unearthed and studied ancient civilizations. They provided invaluable insights not only in regards to how man perceived the world but how he came to terms with his relationship and experience with the world around him. Sacrifice i s a case in point. It is, as explained by Watson, both a gift and a coercion, provided to force the god to behave in a manner man wished: â€Å"to propitiate them, to defuse their anger, to get, to get rid of, to atone† (134). Natural phenomena that impact humans such as disasters, famine, disease and those favorable events like good harvest and victory in war were attributed to the workings of the gods. Thus, they were considered to be subject to some semblance of human control through sacrifice. For example, when famine struck, primitive people would think that gods were displeased or their offerings inadequate and, hence, would redouble their efforts in the next agricultural cycle (136). The rituals evolved into more elaborate ceremonies with far more important sacrifices as way of life became more complex. Human sacrifices became a prominent form of sacrifice later on. According to Watson, this came about on the strength of the idea that it is a form of self-denial and th at the degree of importance of the offering came to be perceived as the more effective or the worthier sacrifice to appease the gods’ anger or to ask for far more important blessings (135). In the Greek island of Knossos, for instance, bone fragments of children offered as sacrifices to the gods were found. These remains, dating to 2000 BC, were said to have existed during the bull-worshipping Minoan civilization and were killed to avert catastrophe, such as the earthquake that eventually led to the civilization’s demise (133). The most basic and the earliest sacrifices involved the use of objects, keeping the first seeds or the first ears of corn for the gods. Later the sacrifices became more elaborate and more cruel. This was a logical evolution in the backdrop of human ignorance about the natural processes that they observed on a daily basis. These were mysteries that occur constantly and they become the basis for the practices such as human sacrifice. The concept o f the after life also emerged early in human history. Ancient Egyptians, for example, were buried with their worldly goods in the belief that they would need the treasure in the after life. The Hindu religion also believes that the dead can be reborn. Watson explained that this was

What were the aims and objectives of the Baghdad Pact and why did it Essay

What were the aims and objectives of the Baghdad Pact and why did it fail - Essay Example In 1955 Iraq signed mutual defense agreement with Turkey. Several other countries such as the United Kingdom, Pakistan, and Iran joined the treaty throughout the year 1955. The pact was based on the mutual security and defense obligations, with the provision that stated that nations would not interfere in internal affairs of each other. In spite of the fact that the pact was destined to include several other Arab states, especially the nations of the Arab League, none of other countries of the region would join the alliance. 2. The aim of the pact was to contain the spread of communism in the region and check Soviet influence in this area. Despite the fact that the pact did not explicitly state it, it was designed with this aim in mind. The pact consisted of nine articles; the first article of the treaty stipulated cooperation between the states in various defense measures. The second article stated that these measures should become operative once the governments of the nations members of the treaty had agreed on the actions that must be taken. 3 In this respect Baghdad treaty was less explicit than the provisions of the treaty of NATO which stipulated that an attack on any member of the treaty should considered as an attack on all of them. In spite of officially proclaimed common intentions of the members of the alliance to fight communisms it was clear right from the start that most of the nations had disagreements on several important regional issues such as Middle East process. The meeting of all members of new military alliance, except the United Kingdom, was hold on November 8 , 1956; it called for immediate withdrawal of all Israeli troops from Egypt territory, release of all military Egyptian prisoners as well as restoration of the independence of Egypt. The statement also urged French and English governments to cease the hostilities in Egypt and called for the beginning of negotiation process on the Suez issue with active participation of the

Intellectual History Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Intellectual History - Term Paper Example One could call it the easiest way to explain natural processes. But it is also the only option available in order to interpret and articulate the world with limited knowledge, sophistication and maturity. In the eyes of the primitive humans, the natural phenomena such the setting of the sun, the changes in the season, the very wind that shakes the trees, and the rumble of thunder were beyond understanding. They were inexplicable, terrifying and spectacular all at the same time. By conceiving a metaphysical world, several mysteries were readily answered. The all powerful entity of god, for example, resolved the question of why man lives and dies, why the rain pours and why calamities strikes. Consider the many religious practices discovered as archaeologists unearthed and studied ancient civilizations. They provided invaluable insights not only in regards to how man perceived the world but how he came to terms with his relationship and experience with the world around him. Sacrifice i s a case in point. It is, as explained by Watson, both a gift and a coercion, provided to force the god to behave in a manner man wished: â€Å"to propitiate them, to defuse their anger, to get, to get rid of, to atone† (134). Natural phenomena that impact humans such as disasters, famine, disease and those favorable events like good harvest and victory in war were attributed to the workings of the gods. Thus, they were considered to be subject to some semblance of human control through sacrifice. For example, when famine struck, primitive people would think that gods were displeased or their offerings inadequate and, hence, would redouble their efforts in the next agricultural cycle (136). The rituals evolved into more elaborate ceremonies with far more important sacrifices as way of life became more complex. Human sacrifices became a prominent form of sacrifice later on. According to Watson, this came about on the strength of the idea that it is a form of self-denial and th at the degree of importance of the offering came to be perceived as the more effective or the worthier sacrifice to appease the gods’ anger or to ask for far more important blessings (135). In the Greek island of Knossos, for instance, bone fragments of children offered as sacrifices to the gods were found. These remains, dating to 2000 BC, were said to have existed during the bull-worshipping Minoan civilization and were killed to avert catastrophe, such as the earthquake that eventually led to the civilization’s demise (133). The most basic and the earliest sacrifices involved the use of objects, keeping the first seeds or the first ears of corn for the gods. Later the sacrifices became more elaborate and more cruel. This was a logical evolution in the backdrop of human ignorance about the natural processes that they observed on a daily basis. These were mysteries that occur constantly and they become the basis for the practices such as human sacrifice. The concept o f the after life also emerged early in human history. Ancient Egyptians, for example, were buried with their worldly goods in the belief that they would need the treasure in the after life. The Hindu religion also believes that the dead can be reborn. Watson explained that this was

Scholarships for African American Students Essay Example for Free

Scholarships for African American Students Essay Even if you do not have a college-aged child at home, please share this with someone who does, and to anyone and everyone that comes to mind. Though there are a number of companies and organizations that have donated money for scholarships to African Americans, a great deal of the money is being returned because of a lack of interest or awareness. Take the initiative to get your children involved. Money shouldnt be returned to donating companies because we fail to apply for it Please pass this information on to family members, nieces, nephews, friends with children etc. We must get the word out that money is available. If you are a college student or getting ready to become one, you probably already know how useful additional money can be. (If clicking on the link doesnt work, then type in the Web site address manually.) 1) BELL LABS FELLOWSHIPS FOR UNDER REPRESENTED MINORITIES http://www.bell- labs.com/ fellowships/ CRFP/info. html See more: how to write a scholarship essay for study abroad 2) Student Inventors Scholarships http://www.invent. org/collegiate http://www.invent. org/collegiate/ 3) Student Video Scholarships http://www.christop hers.org/ /vidcon2k.html 4) Coca-Cola Two Year College Scholarships http://www.coca- colascholars. org/programs. html 5) Holocaust Remembrance Scholarships http://holocaust. hklaw.com/ 6) Ayn Rand Essay Scholarships http:/ /www.aynrand. org/contests/ 7) Brand Essay Competition http://www.institut eforbrandleaders hip.org/IBLEssay Contest-2002Rule s.htm 8) Gates Millennlum=20 Scholarships (major) http://www.gmsp. org/nominationma terials/read. dbm?ID 9) Xerox Scholarships for Students http://www2. xerox.com/ go/xrx/about_ xerox/about_ xerox_detail. jsp 10) Sports Scholarships and Internships http://www.ncaa. org/about/ scholarships. html 11) National Assoc. of Black Journalists Scholarships (NABJ) http://www/..nabj.org/html/ studentsvcs. html 12) Saul T. Wilson Scholarships (Veterinary) http://www.aphis. usda.gov/ mb/mrphr/ jobs/stw. html 13) Thurgood Marshall Scholarship Fund http://www.thurgood marshallfund. org/sk_v6. cfm 14) FinAid: The Smart Students Guide to Financial Aid scholarships) http://www.finaid. org/ 15) Presidential Freedom Scholarships http://wwwnational service.org/ scholarships/ 16) Microsoft Scholarship Program http://www.microsof t.com/college/ scholarships/ minority. asp 17) WiredScholar Free Scholarship Search http://www.wiredsch olar.com/ paying/scholarsh ip_search/ pay_scholarship_ searc h.jsp 18) Hope Scholarships Lifetime Credits http://www.ed. gov/inits/ hope/ 19) William Randolph Hearst Endowed Scholarship for Minority Studentshttp://www.apsanet. org/PS/grants/ aspen3.cfm 20) Multiple List of Minority Scholarships http://gehon. ir.miami. edu/financial- assistance/ Scholarship/ black..html 21) Guaran teed Scholarships http://www.guarante ed-scholarships. com/ 22) BOEING scholarships (some HBCU connects)http://www.boeing. com/companyoffic es/educationrela tions/scholarshi ps 23) Easley National Scholarship Program http://www.naas. org/senior. .htm 24) Maryland Artists Scholarships http://wwwmaef. org/ 26) Jacki Tuckfield Memorial Graduate Business Scholarship (for AA students in South Florida )http://www.jackituc kfield.org/ 27) Historically Black College University Scholarships http://www.iesabroa d.org/info/ hbcu.htm 28) Actuarial Scholarships for Minority Studentshttp://www.beanactu ary.org/minority /scholarships. htm 29) International Students Scholarships Aid Help http://www.iefa. org/ 30) College Board Scholarship Searchhttp://cbweb10p. collegeboard. org/fundfinder/ html/fundfind01. html 31) Burger King Scholarship= 20 Program http://www.bkschola rs.csfa.org/ 32) Siemens Westinghouse Competition http://www.siemens- foundationorg/ 33) GE and LuLac Scholarship Funds http://www.lulac. org/Programs/ Scholar.html 34) CollegeNet s Scholarship Database http://mach25. collegenet. com/cgi-bin/ M25/index 35) Union Sponsored Scholarships and Aid http://www.. aflcioorg/ scholarships/ scholar.htm 36) Federal Scholarships Aid Gateways 25 Scholarship Gateways from Black Excelhttp://www.blackexc el.org/25scholar ships.htm 37) Scholarship Financial Aid Help http://www.blackexc elorg/fin- sch.htm 38) Scholarship Links (Ed Finance Group) http://www.efg. net/link_ scholarship. htm 39) FAFSA On The Web (Your Key Aid Form Info) http://www.fafsa. ed.gov/ 40) Aid Resources For Reentry Students http://www.back2col lege.com/ 41) Scholarships and Fellowships http://www.osc. cuny.edu/ sep/links. h tml 42) Scholarships for Study in Paralegal Studies http://www.paralega ls.org/Choice/ 2000west. htm 43) HBCU Packard Sit Abroad Scholarships (for study around the world)http://www.sit. edu/studyabroad/ packard_nominati on.html 44) Scholarship and Fellowship Opportunities http://ccmi. uchicago. .edu/schl1. html 45) INROADS internships http://www.inroads. org/ 46) ACT-SO bEURoeOlympics of the Mind A Scholarshipsttp://www.naacp. org/ work/actso/ act-so.shtml 47) Black Alliance for Educational Options Scholarshipsttp://www.baeo. org/ options/privatel yfinanced. jsp 48) ScienceNet Scholarship Listingttp://www.sciencenet. emory.edu/ undergrad/ scholarships html 49) Graduate Fellowships For Minorities Nationwidettp://cuinfo. cornell. edu/Student/ GRFN/list. phtml?category= MINORITIES 50) RHODES SCHOLARSHIPS AT OXFORD ttp://www.rhodesscholar. org /info.html 51) The Roothbert Scholarship Fund ttp://www.roothbertfund. org/scholExpanding your horizons Motivating young women in science and mathematics On January 29th from 8:00-1:00 pm the Central New Mexico Community College will be hosting an event to get girls in grades 5-9 excited about science For more information and to register for this free event by Jan. 14th: www.expandingyourhorizons.org/conferences/Albuquerque/ 505-750-8131 [emailprotected]

Anonymity and Loss of Self in Crowd Theory

Anonymity and Loss of Self in Crowd Theory Phillip Tyler In locating and explaining the place of anonymity in the behaviour of crowds, and its association with a loss of self (Dixon and Mahendra, 2012), an appeal must be made to crowd behavioral theory and evidence to support these theories. This paper will look to the history of the study of crowds, the process of de-individuation and the theory of crowds based on a theory of social identity to provide a picture of the place of anonymity in crowd theory, and the association with loss of self. The first instance of anonymity being a quality significant to crowd behaviour, can be found in the work of Le Bon. Le Bon laid foundations for the psychological study of crowds with his 1895 text La Psychologie Des Foules, in which he described crowds in generally negative and unfavourable ways. He remarked on their tendency towards impulsive behaviours, to become easily irritated and their seeming inability to use reason to decide action (Le Bon, 1896). This last quality was among the most important for Le Bon, as he believed that the crowd lost any individuals rationality and, therefore, could not be rational in itself. Instead, there existed a group mind that the individual became a part of, and this experience brought to the fore deeply hidden tendencies for aggression, leading to similarly aggressive actions, all of which was made possible by the removal of the rationality of thinking actions through to their consequences. The crowd was highly open to emotional and ideological suggestion, with sentiment able to move through the crowd swiftly as if such things were contagious (Dixon and Mahen dra, 2012). All this was made possible by the key feature of anonymity. Actions could be performed without thought for consequence because it was the crowd, and not the individual, performing the action; the individual remains unseen or anonymous, and hence defers responsibility for said action from them personally, to the crowd. For Le Bon, anonymity and loss of individual self were clearly and strongly associated, as when becoming part of the group the individual gave up their individuality. Le Bons work was based largely on distanced observation and his work was unsupported by evidence as would be required by modern psychology. He also had little experience of being in a crowd himself, this coupled with his belonging to a higher social class, could have led to his negative outlook on crowds. Though, it is mostly the lack of evidence that makes Le Bons case for anonymity less convincing, his was a stepping stone for other theorists and researchers to take the quality of anonymity on to sturdier ground. Anonymity was defined more clearly by Festinger, Pepitone and Newcome in 1952 as a reduction in the individuals perceptions that they are, personally, being noticed and evaluated for responsibility for actions performed (Dixon and Mahendra, 2012). This sense of anonymity was key to their theory that claimed that this reduced perception allowed an individual to stop seeing themselves as singular, but more immersed in the group, which then led to a group or crowd being able to be more uninhibited and impulsive than any one individual, a process they called deindividuation. This theory replaced Le Bons and was able to be formalised for the gathering of evidence by stating requirements for deindividuation to occur, measuring psychological changes in people in the deindividuated state and observing changes in behaviours. The association with loss of self can also be seen here, as the individual stops seeing themselves as singularly responsible, and part of something larger. Zimbardo (1969) put forward that the individual feels less morally culpable for any harm the group may cause. It is for this reason that each member of the group feels less responsible for the actions of the group as a whole that more violent and aggressive behaviour is sometimes exhibited (Dixon and Mahendra, 2012). Zimbardo found that participants in a scenario where some wore masks and cloaks to hide their appearance, gave higher electric shocks to other participants, than those with their appearances un-masked (Zimbardo, 1969). Robert Watson (1973) found that those involved in violent clashes with other groups, who had first altered their appearance with masks or paint, perpetrated more acts of heightened and prolonged violence than those that did not. Some research seeks to take measurements other than violence or aggression as a measure of the effects of anonymity. Participants in a darkened room took to feeling more intimate towards one another other as was evidenced by their conversation, touching and feelings of sexual arousal (Gergen, Gergen and Barton, 1973), over participants in a non-darkened condition. This experiment shows that aggression isnt the only possible outcome of anonymity, and may not be an inevitable one. The anonymity provided by the darkness allowed for curiosity to develop, producing the conversation of a more serious and intimate nature than the other condition produced, allowing for the possibility that its the context of the crowd plus anonymity, rather than anonymity on its own, that influences crowd behaviour (Dixon and Mahendra, 2012). When general social rules are not applicable, such as meeting strangers in the dark, curiosity rather than aggression was the response. This may still represent a loss of self, though not a negatively focused, aggressive or violent one. The loss of self in this example could be seen a s a dropping of usual personal inhibitions, then cued by the context of the crowd to pursue personal conversation rather than the violence seen in the previous examples. If violence is the measurement taken by the experiment, then that feature is present in the crowd context and taken up by deinvididuated participants, when this is not the case, participants are not naturally violent. When masked and told to administer electric shocks to participants, those dressed as Ku Klux Klan members did so with marginally more intensity than those in unmasked Ku Klux Klan costumes. Though, those dressed in nurses uniformed did so significantly less, when masked, compared to unmasked nurses, and both KKK groups (Johnson and Downing, 1979). This suggests, quite strongly that there is a loss of self that comes with anonymity, but that the contextual cues taken by participants , for example, from being dressed as part of a group whos associated qualities involved caring and compassion, are significantly important. If anonymity and a mask produced more violent behaviour in KKK costumes than unmasked, it does follow that there is to be an increase in caring and compassion from those dressed as nurses, in the masked versus the unmasked condition, because the participant relies on the qualities of the group they are associated with, and its these qualities that become exaggerated. T his may be a loss of self through anonymity, but in becoming part of the group, the groups social identity cues become guides for behaviour. An alternate view to the way deindividuation theory looks at crowd behaviour is to say rather than becoming part of a group mind, or losing ones rationality to the crowd through anonymity, crowds are made up of people with similar, if broader, social identities, and that these identities are exaggerated, or brought to the fore, by being a member of this group. Football matches are a good example. People who may have nothing else in common, but support the same football team, for example, may act in unison as a group when at a football game, as the contextual cues bring these in-group qualities to the fore. Anonymous in a crowd in a football stadium and identifying with the social context, rather than losing ones self, crowd members act according to their social identity. It is this social identity that provides guidelines for behaviour, rather than being the cause of breakdown of all social rules, leading to violent or aggressive behaviour (Dixon and Mahendra, 2012). Motivated by the context to act in ways approved by in-group values and to demonstrate in-group membership, behaviour can sometimes be predicted more accurately because the individuals desire to remain as part of the in-group means they tend to adhere more to in-group behavioural norms. Adhering close to ones social identity, when in a social setting, does not necessarily represent a loss of self, as the qualitie s being displayed are part of the individual as a whole, it is simply the context they are in that bring them to the fore. When viewed from an outsiders point of view, crowd behaviour seems to include an inevitable loss of self, stemming from the individuals experience of anonymity that leads to aggression and violent tendencies in behaviour. When violence is not the measurement taken, other outcomes are shown that include intimacy and conversation. The view of social identity theory is that individuals in crowds do not necessarily experience a loss of self, rather it is that social identity informs behaviour and in-group values and behavioural norms are more likely to influence behaviour of the group than individual identity. References Dixon, J., and Mahendra, K. (2012) Crowds in Holloway, W., Lucey, H., Phoenix, A. and Lewis, G. (eds) Social Psychology Matters, Milton Keynes, The Open University. Festinger, L., Peptone, A. and Newcome, T. (1952) as cited in Dixon and Mahendra (2012) p6. Gergen, K., Gergen, M. and Barton, W. (1973) as cited in Dixon and Mahendra (2012) p10. Johnson, R. D. and Downing, L. L. (1979) as cited in Dixon and Mahendra (2012) p8. Le Bon, G. (1896), as cited in Dixon and Mahendra (2012) p5. Watson, R. I. (1973) as cited in Dixon and Mahendra (2012) p8. Zimbardo, P. G. (1969) as cited in Dixon and Mahendra (2012) p6-7.

Radio Shacks Termination of Employees Essay -- Corporate Communicatio

Radio Shack As the economy continues to be unstable companies, large and small, are making decisions to reduce their workforce. This is a daunting task that has to be handled delicately. When companies begin the process of reduction, even if the staff is aware, the communication must be honest, open and appropriate. If a company is a large retailer there is more at stake than just the current financial situation. The employees can become customers and advocates for the business. They can also become the customers of the competitors and communicate to others the bad experience. In 2006 Radio Shack was on a turnaround plan (O’Rourke, 2010). This plan included a reduction of workforce of about 400 employees. Employees were aware this was the plane, but were taken by surprise that when the â€Å"pink slip† came through as an email. Most employees received this at the same time and were given a limited amount of time to gather their belongings and say goodbye. This action cau sed a backlash of publicity. For Radio Shack to continue and regain trust of the employees and public they will need immediate training in communication standards to further avoid any other incidents. Secondly, they must reach out the employees that received the email and lastly work on a new mission statement and culture to match with where the company is heading. Communication training Understanding the audience is a very important piece to communication (O’Rourke, 2010). For Radio Shack to change perspectives of the current employees and public, and to avoid further incidents, the leadership team needs to complete communication training. When a company has made a decision that could impact current and future employees they must focus on how to n... ... because the this decision by communication training for remaining leadership, reaching out to the employees that were terminated and changing the culture an mission statement during a time of transition. By attempting to complete these tasks Radio Shack has a possibility of continued growth after transition and the possibility of not losing the successful employees they still have. Works Cited Finnie, R. r., Sniffin, P. B., & College and Univ. Personnel Association, W. C. (1984). Good Endings: Managing Employee Terminations. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Krapels, R. H., & Davis, B. D. (2000). Communication Training in Two Companies. Business Communication Quarterly, 63(3), 104-110. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. O’Rourke, J. S., IV (2010). Management communication: A case-analysis approach (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 9780136079767 Radio Shack's Termination of Employees Essay -- Corporate Communicatio Radio Shack As the economy continues to be unstable companies, large and small, are making decisions to reduce their workforce. This is a daunting task that has to be handled delicately. When companies begin the process of reduction, even if the staff is aware, the communication must be honest, open and appropriate. If a company is a large retailer there is more at stake than just the current financial situation. The employees can become customers and advocates for the business. They can also become the customers of the competitors and communicate to others the bad experience. In 2006 Radio Shack was on a turnaround plan (O’Rourke, 2010). This plan included a reduction of workforce of about 400 employees. Employees were aware this was the plane, but were taken by surprise that when the â€Å"pink slip† came through as an email. Most employees received this at the same time and were given a limited amount of time to gather their belongings and say goodbye. This action cau sed a backlash of publicity. For Radio Shack to continue and regain trust of the employees and public they will need immediate training in communication standards to further avoid any other incidents. Secondly, they must reach out the employees that received the email and lastly work on a new mission statement and culture to match with where the company is heading. Communication training Understanding the audience is a very important piece to communication (O’Rourke, 2010). For Radio Shack to change perspectives of the current employees and public, and to avoid further incidents, the leadership team needs to complete communication training. When a company has made a decision that could impact current and future employees they must focus on how to n... ... because the this decision by communication training for remaining leadership, reaching out to the employees that were terminated and changing the culture an mission statement during a time of transition. By attempting to complete these tasks Radio Shack has a possibility of continued growth after transition and the possibility of not losing the successful employees they still have. Works Cited Finnie, R. r., Sniffin, P. B., & College and Univ. Personnel Association, W. C. (1984). Good Endings: Managing Employee Terminations. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Krapels, R. H., & Davis, B. D. (2000). Communication Training in Two Companies. Business Communication Quarterly, 63(3), 104-110. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. O’Rourke, J. S., IV (2010). Management communication: A case-analysis approach (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 9780136079767

Have you met him - Jesus Christ? :: essays research papers

Jesus the Christ is God the Father (that One and only Holy Spirit - God is a Spirit and One) in flesh - the Son of God. It was God the Father who was responsible for overshadowing the virgin Mary and causing her to conceive. So Mary was the source of His humanity and God was the source of His divinity. He became a man but he did not cease to be God the Father of the universe. He could probably best be explained as the God-Man. Sometimes He spoke and acted as a man. Sometimes He spoke and acted as God (the Father). He came to earth to seek and save that which was lost; to minister and to give His life as a ransom - the just for the unjust. He paid the price for our sins. Then He rose from the dead three days later because He was sinless and death could not hold Him. In so doing, He showed us the way to eternal life and how we can get victory over death. He brought life and immortality to light. He offers forgiveness of sins and eternal life (with countless other benefits) to those who will come to Him on His terms seeing He is Lord of all and is the only one who can save us from death - the second death that the Bible speaks of. The grave is only a temporary place. The day is coming when all that are in the grave will hear His voice and come out of the grave to stand before God (Jesus Christ) the Judge of all the earth - a dreadful place for sinful man. We can avoid this judgment by having our sins dealt with while we are yet alive by obeying the gospel which is His plan of salvation for us. It's very important to follow the Bible formula exactly. The devil has come up with alot of variations with the attempt to make the command of God of no effect. Back when the church was born, men were convicted of their sin and asked what they should do when they realized that they had crucified their Saviour some 50 days earlier. The apostle Peter said, Repent and be baptized everyone of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins and you shall receive the gift of the Holy Ghost.

Meditation on Yellow by Olive Senior Essay

Olive Senior is a Jamaican poet who explores Caribbean history. Her poetry often conveys her displeasure of colonization and the suffering Caribbean people endured. Meditation on Yellow explores the colonization and exploitation process carried out by the Europeans. This poem strong conveys Senior discontentment as it relates to the exploitation of the land and the Amerindian tribe. It through the use of symbolism, language and repetition the brutality of colonization is conveyed. Symbolism is used to portray the harsh reality of colonization. In Meditation on Yellow â€Å"yellow† is symbolic of the innocence of the Amerindians and the purity in their mind and soul upon encountering the Whites. This is noted in the phrase † but we were peaceful then child-like in the yellow dawn of our innocence.† The fact that these Amerindians had no idea of what was to come their way and that they offered the best of what they had to the Europeans makes this encounter even more sad and advantageous. Furthermore, yellow is symbolic of sickness and infection. This is reflect in the minds of the Europeans as it was infected with the yearning for wealth and power. Due to this â€Å"infection† the Amerindian we turned into slaves, the land was exploited and the Europeans began colonization. The use of symbolism conveys the extremes which these two set of people existed, the Amerindian being kind and pure and the Europeans being cold-hearted and greedy. Senior’s use of language is certainly a powerful tool in expressing her displeasure as it relates to the enslavement of the Amerindians. Throughout the poem she uses sarcasm and humor which highlights her mocking and belittling of the Europeans. The phrase † had I known I would have brewed up some yellow fever grass and arsenic† is an example of sarcasm. In this phrase there is a contrast between the gesture of hospitality of ethnic which is the â€Å"fever grass† and the bitter sinister intentions of k illing the Europeans with the † arsenic poison.† The sarcasm continues in the phrase † despite the differences in our skins, our piss was exactly the same shade of yellow.† This highlights that regardless of ethnic and racial differences we are all the same. The striking, crude comparison stresses the need for equality and for readers to take note. Furthermore Olive Senior educates us that these Amerindian displayed passive resistance as they deliberately burnt the bread of the Europeans since they we treated badly. The phrase † for which management apologizes† certainly indicates they there was no remorse or sorry for these actions. The use of sarcasm highlight Senior’s hatred towards the colonization process and her view on the Europeans. Repetition is also used to place emphasis on the greedy and materialistic nature of the Europeans. This type of repetition is known as anaphora. The line † but it was gold in your mind gold in your eyes gold in the crown .. gold the prize † highlights the obsession these Europeans had with gold and their gluttonous nature. Moreover, their unreasonable wants and desires are also highlighted through repetition. This is noted in the line † want it strong wan it long want it black want it black want it green want it dread.† Additionally there was repetition in the in line † silver was you armor silver the cross of your Lord †¦ silver the bullet I bite†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This repetition emphasizes the many different forms of silver and the destruction that the silver symbolizes . The silver was representative of Iron Age Technology and represents the European’s military superiority over the stone age Amerindians. Collectively the repetition of these lines alerts readers of the suffering these Amerindians endured to please the cold hearted Europeans. The use of these techniques clearly depicts Senior’s displeasure and the unfortunate struggles of colonization.

Barilla Case Study: Operational Ineffeciencies

Case Presentation Barilla SpA Introduction Company & Industry background †¢ World’s largest pasta producer in 1990 †¢ Pasta Share – 35% in Italy and 22% in Europe Channels of Distribution †¢ Products divided in 2 categories – â€Å"Fresh† and â€Å"Dry† †¢ Fresh Products had 21 day Shelf Lives †¢ Dry Products had Long ( 18 to 24 Months) or Medium(10 to 12 weeks) Shelf Lives †¢ Retail Outlets – Small independent The Issue During the late 1980s, Barilla suffered increasing operational inefficiencies and cost penalties that resulted from large week-to-week variations in its distributors’ order patterns Distribution Procedure †¢ Original flow of goods and information PLANT CDC’s Barilla run depots GD’s Chain supermarkets DO’s Independent supermarkets â€Å"Signora Maria† Shops Customers Customers Customers *CDC = Central Distribution Centre GD = Grand Distributors DO = Organize d Distributors Sales and Marketing Advertising – Heavy, Brand Positioned as the Highest Quality †¢ Trade promotions – Frequent †¢ Canvass period, 10 to 12 in a year, typical duration of 4 to 5 weeks †¢ Distributor could buy as much product as desired to meet present and future needs at the offered discount †¢ Volume Discounts also given †¢ Sales representatives used more at DO’s than GD’s – Merchandise Barilla Products – Set up In-Store Promotion – Take note of competitor’s prices, stockouts, new product launches – Work out ordering strategies for the retailer etc Demand Fluctuations †¢ Just in Time Distribution Variability in Demand †¢ Reasons – – – – Transportation discounts Volume discount Promotional activity No minimum or maximum order quantities – Product proliferation – Long order lead times – Lack of forecasting systems or sophist icated analytical tools at Distributer’s end Exhibit 12: Demand Fluctuations Variability in Demand †¢ Methods employed to counter variability – Holding buffer FGs to meet Distributor requirements – Asking Distributors/Retailers to carry additional inventory Impact – Strained Manufacturing and Logistics operations* – Poor Product delivery management – Thinning retailer/distributor margins – Increased Inventory Holding costs – Impossible to anticipate Demand swings – Changing customers due to lack of storage space Bullwhip effect †¢ Amplified Variation in demand as one moves up the Supply Chain (away from the order order customer) order Factory Distributor Wholesaler Retailer Order Variation The Causes of Bullwhip Effect Demand Forecast †¢ Long lead times †¢ Order Batching †¢ Price fluctuation (Promotional sales) †¢ Inflated orders in high estimated demand scenarios Counteracting the Bullwhip Effect †¢ Reduce Uncertainty – POS – Sharing Information – Centralizing demand information †¢ Reduce Variability – Year round or Everyday low pricing †¢ Reduce Lead Times – Information lead times: EDI – Order lead times: Cross Docking †¢ Strategic Partnerships – – – – Quick Response Continuous Replenishment Advanced Continuous Replenishment Vendor managed Inventory (VMI) Just-In-Time Distribution (JITD) †¢ Vendor-Managed Inventory Concept †¢ Treats end-customer as the Input †¢ Aims at managing the Input filter that Produces the Orders †¢ Decision-making authority for determining shipments in hands of Barilla SpA †¢ Barilla would monitor the flow of its products through the distributor’s warehouse, and then decide what to ship to the distributor and when to ship it †¢ Distributor provides Data on the shipment and current stock levels for Expected Benefits of JITD †¢ Manufacturer – Reduced manufacturing costs – Better Relationship with Distributors †¢ Increased supply chain visibility †¢ Increase Distributor’s dependence on Barilla – Improvement in manufacturing planning using objective data – Reduced inventory levels †¢ Distributors – Improved fill rates to Retail stores – Additional service without any extra cost – Reduced Inventory Holding costs JITD – Internal Resistance Sales Representatives feared reduction in responsibilities †¢ Flattened sales levels †¢ Risk of Inability to adjust shipments quickly to stock-outs †¢ Lack of infrastructure to handle JITD †¢ Increased competitor shelf space at distributor †¢ Inability to run Trade promotions †¢ Unsure about the cost benefits JITD – External Resistance †¢ Unconvinced Distributors †¢ Not willing to share warehouse data †¢ Perceived power transfer to Barilla †¢ Lack of faith in Barilla’s inventory management Possible methods to counter Resistance †¢ Demonstrate that JITD benefits the distributors – Run experiment at one or more of the distributor sites †¢ Maggiali needs to look at JITD not as a logistics program, but as a company-wide effort – Get Top management closely involved Experiments at Dryproduct depots †¢ Barilla spa ran first JITD experiment at its Florence depot †¢ During the very first month of the program – Inventory dropped from 10. 1 days to 3. 6 days – Service level to retail stores increased from 98. 9% to 99. % †¢ Depot’s staff was not comfortable working with such low inventory levels – Inventory levels finally allowed to increase to 5 days †¢ One of the arguments against JITD was that it will lead to waste empty spaces in the ware houses Experiments at Dryproduct depots †¢ In Florence case – Barilla growing at rapid rate in the region – Plans to expand warehouse – Existin g warehouse able to accommodate the increased requirement – Substantial investment on expansion was avoided †¢ JITD next tried at Milan Depot – Similar performance improvement as Florence †¢ These experiments established the credibility of JITD system Implementation at D. O. Cortese †¢ The decision to implement JITD in Marchese DC of Cortese involved – Barilla: Director of Logistics, Executive vice president of sales and Manager in charge of JITD implementation – Cortese: Nine managers including Managing director, new services manager, logistics manager and logistics, purchasing, marketing and sales personnel from Cortese’s Marchese DC †¢ Consultant Claudio Ferrozzi was roped in – Neutral party trusted by both the groups Implementation at D. O. Cortese †¢ For six months, Barilla team analyzed daily shipment data of the DC – Created the data base of DC’s historical demand pattern – Simulated shipments with JITD in place †¢ The implementation yielded phenomenal results – Prior to JITD †¢ Stock out rate : 2 to 5% ( Occasionally as high as 10 to 13%) – After JITD †¢ Negligible stock out rate of less than. 25%(Never exceeded 1%) †¢ Average inventory level also dropped Adaptation to different distributors With new confidence they approached other customers †¢ Customers apprehensive about JITD repeating the same success as Cortese for them as they had varied systems †¢ Barilla’s team developed capacity to translate customer’s standard’s into internal standards Adaptation to different distributors †¢ Developed a protocol which could be used to communicate with all customers †¢ Each SKU identified with three d ifferent product codes – Barilla’s code – Customer’s code – EAN (European article numbering system) barcode – Most common barcode standard in Europe †¢ Advantages of the coding system Information can be received through any code – Reduce impact of internal changes in product or code on client’s system Communication with consumers Customer each day sent following information to Barilla via EDI:1. Customer code number to identify itself 2. Inventory for each SKU carried by DC 3. Previous day’s â€Å"sell through†-All shipments of Barilla products out of DC to consumers on the previous day 4. Stock outs on previous day for every Barilla SKU carried by DC 5. An advance order for any promotions that the customer planned to run in the future 6. Preferred delivery carton size Lessons learnt One needs to prove credibility of any new performance initiative for others to buy his/her idea †¢ Best place to experimen t with an idea is within the organization †¢ To succeed in a new initiative, involvement of top management is imperative †¢ Market is ever growing. If performance measures seem to create spare time/capacity instead of chucking them, look out for ways to increase the – Barrilla could finally succeed in implementing JITD with Cortese. Whole of top management from both sides was involved in the decision making. Which never happened earlier – Sometimes roping a consultant helps THANK YOU